在清醒状态下切除脑部病灶同时尽量不损伤正常功能的技术由神经外科医生潘菲尔德（Wilder Penfield）于1930年代中期首创。由于脑中没有疼痛感受器，手术只需局部麻醉头皮等部位。
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潘菲尔德发现身体的每一部分都可以清楚地在相反的大脑一侧皮质带上标志出来。
Penfield discovered that each part of the body was clearly mapped out in a strip of cortex on the brain's opposite side.
潘菲尔德在用探测器扫描小脑表面的同时，绘制出每个记忆在大脑中的对应位置。
Penfield mapped the brain location of each memory while he scanned the surface with his probe.
1950年，美国外科医生怀尔德•潘菲尔德用一个电极直接刺激在手术过程中仍清醒的成百上千个癫痫病人大脑中的特定部位。
In the 1950s American neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield used an electrode to directly stimulate spots on the brains of hundreds of epilepsy patients while they were awake during operations.
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