冷杉林(暗针叶林)、热带雨林和常绿阔叶林是寒温带、热带和亚热带的气候顶极群落。
Dark taiga, tropical rain forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest are climax of area of cold temperate, tropic and subtropics.
对孔林暖温带落叶阔叶林和针叶林中312种种子植物的开花、结果的物候情况进行了研究，每半月调查1次，持续观察13个月。
The phenology of 312 seed plants of the warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and conifer forest in Confucius Cemetery, Qufu have been observed half-monthly for 13 months.
世界森林生态系统包括热带、亚热带、温带森林，北方针叶林以及其他有林地。
World forest Ecosystem includes tropical, subtropical, temperate, and boreal forests as well as other woodland.
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