针对任意取向的双轴晶体，计算了完整的偏光干涉图，反映了相位分布决定等色线、振幅分布决定消光影的规律。

The conoscopic interference patterns of crystals are calculated for any orientation biaxial crystal, which include information of isochromatic curve and isogyre.

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图2 - 1 (a)给出了共发射极取向的晶体管的物理特性，同时也给出了硅器件的电压极性和大小。

Figure 2-1 (a) shows the physical representation of the BJT in its common-emitter orientation, and also shows typical voltage polarities and magnitudes for the case of a silicon device.

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