乳酸菌在自然界分布广泛，其中比较有代表性的菌属为乳杆菌属、乳球菌属、片球菌属和明串珠球菌属。
Lactic acid bacteria are widely distributed in the nature. The genus Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Pediococcus and Leuconostoc are included being representatives in this group.
研究表明，能够适应葡萄酒环境、较专一地进行苹果酸-乳酸发酵并对酒质有增益作用的细菌主要是酒球菌属的细菌。
Recent research showed that Oenococcus oeni is the main lactic acid bacteria which can bear the harsh condition of wine and carry out malolactic fermentation.
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