From the end of the 13th century to the early 19th century, craftsmen across medieval Europe were organized into unions called guilds.

从13世纪末到19世纪初，中世纪欧洲的所有手工业者均由称作行会的各种联盟组织起来。

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Enamelwork was produced as early as the 13th century BC, reached its peak in the Byzantine Empire, and flourished throughout medieval and Renaissance Europe.

早在公元前13世纪开始就已生产珐琅制品，在拜占庭帝国达到颠峰，到中世纪和文艺复兴时期盛行于整个欧洲。

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