One means of accomplishing this end is to add trivalent cations to the water. These ions would snuggle up to the negatively charged particle and, because they possess a stronger charge, displace the monovalent cations. The effect of this would be to educe the net negative charge and thus lower the repulsive force seen in Figure 1. In this condition, the particles will not repel each other and, upon colliding, will stick together. A stable colloidal suspension has thus been made into an unstable colloidal suspension.

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