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The direct gene transfer systems involved the chemical method (PEG), electroporation, microinjection, particle bombardment, pollen-mediated gene transfer and other systems using various vectors.
阐述了化学导入法(PEG)、电穿孔法、注射法，粒子轰击法、花粉管萌导法及使用其它载体系统的成功实例。
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