This is one missed opportunity for closed-source global technology companies and a brilliant innovation by the shanzhai industry.

这可是苹果，这家“封闭源代码开发”全球技术公司错过的一个好机会，却由山寨行业发挥到极致，大放异彩。

youdao

This morning at the Grand Forks Hilton Garden Court, which is connected by closed walkways to UND's Center for Innovation, I heard Irish accents and Norwegian accents, and I saw two Southeast Asians working on a presentation.

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Worse still, some entire industries remain closed-off to this type of cross-sector innovation and this, partnered with constrictive supply chains, is stifling technological progress.

BBC: Business

These technologies raise barriers to innovation, because developers are forced to go through closed systems and pay for it.

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