Servedby a large classofConfucianliteratiselected through civil service examinations, the governmentsystem of Tang Dynasty was graduallyperfectedunder the supportof Confucian bureaucracy.
Mr Daley won control of Chicago's schools by striking a deal with his Republican opponents in the state legislature that enabled him to set about sacking bad teachers, insist on pupils completing academic requirements before going up to the next class, and thin out the bureaucracy enough to get the schools back in the black.
When Britain, the colonial power, left Nigeria, it handed authority not to traditional rulers, who were viewed as having some legitimacy, but to doctors, lawyers and the horde of literate hustlers who did well in the British bureaucracy and the British army and now make up Nigeria's ruling class.