John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but are bad for high achievers.

哈佛大学肯尼迪学院的约翰·多纳休指出，西方国家公务员制度中的文化规范适合那些希望维持原样的人，但不利于不断进取的人。

youdao

Civil services are organized in hierarchical structures of offices.

文官是按照职位的等级制结构组织起来的。

youdao

The senior echelons of civil services are a powerful arm of the state.

高层次梯队里的公务员是国家有力的左膀右臂。

youdao

The Alrewas site acknowledges "the personal sacrifices made by the armed and civil services of this country".

BBC: Durham Light Infantry memorial unveiled in Staffordshire

The green light for the higher EU pay rise comes as national civil services are shedding jobs and freezing or cutting staff pay.

BBC: Top EU court backs Commission over staff pay rise

After a brief stint working with the private sector Tata group, he joined the Indian civil services in 1992 as a revenue officer.

BBC: Arvind Kejriwal