But the plumbing between bank payment systems and clearing houses remains fragmented.

但是，银行支付系统与票据交换所之间的沟通渠道仍然不畅。

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In this context, financial stability is defined broadly to encompass not just the avoidance of bank failures that threaten payment systems and cause disruptions in economic activities.

在这个意义上，金融稳定被泛泛地界定为不仅仅是避免那些危及各种支付制度和造成各种经济活动中断的银行故障。

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The principal differences between a national electronic money system and commercial bank-card systems would be: The money system would be federally operated; Payment would constitute "legal tender".

全国电子货币系统同商业银行卡系统的主要区别是：货币系统由联邦经营；支付构成“合法货币”。

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In theory, in the worst cases, the parts of the banks that are thought to be most important to keeping the rest of the financial system functioning smoothly, for instance their deposit books and payment systems, will be quickly cut out and transplanted into a healthy bank or kept on life support.

ECONOMIST: Dealing with bad banks