Model checking based on decision diagram causes memory explosion in integer multiplier verification. An efficient solution to this problem is backward substitution method.

采用基于决策图的模型检验方法对整数乘法器验证时会出现内存爆炸，解决该问题的一种有效途径是采用反向替换方法。

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The substitution of the equivalent types depends on the compatibility of types, whether they are fully compatible, forward compatible, or backward compatible.

等价的类型可替换程度取决于兼容性，是完全兼容，还是前向兼容，还是后向兼容。

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