In France, Germany, Italy and most other European countries, special administrative tribunals, with their own hierarchies of appeal courts, have been established to handle such cases.

ECONOMIST: POLITICS BRIEF: The gavel and the robe | The

Earlier this month two military judges dismissed charges against Hamdan and another detainee, on the pedantic ground that administrative tribunals had designated them enemy combatants, not unlawful enemy combatants--notwithstanding that they clearly meet the Military Commissions Act's definition of unlawful combatants.

CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The truth about Guantanamo

Some appeals for schools outside local authority control lack independence and transparency, argues the Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council (AJTC).

BBC: School admissions appeals may not be fair, says watchdog