在投资人的所得税率 无法推算的前提下，Kalay 自然也否定 Elton and Gruber (1970)对顾客效应(tax clientele effect)所提出之证据。
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顾客效应理论 clientele effect
有效顾客反应 efficient consumer response ; Efficient Customer Response ; efficient c resp
有效顾客响应 Effective Customer Response ; ECR ; efficient consumer response
有效顾客响应模式 Efficient Consumer Response ; ECR
有效顾客回应 efficient customer response ; efficient consumer response ; ECR
效顾客响应 ECR ; efficient consumer response
有效顾客回应系统 Efficient Customer Response ; ECR
如有效顾客反应 efficient consumer Response ; ECR
有效顾客响应系统 Efficient Consumer Response
任何一个小小的中断，一个价格检查，一个喋喋不休的顾客，都会产生下游效应，拖住整个队伍。
Any small interruption—a price check, a chatty customer—can have downstream effects, holding up an entire line.
维珍航空注重倾听顾客的需求，并且致力于通过对话树立品牌效应。
But the carrier puts an emphasis on listening to what customers are saying about Virgin America and fostering conversations about the brand.
长鞭效应会造成供应链系统的无效运作，从而导致存货过多、生产预测出现误差、产能失衡、顾客服务水平下降等等。
It can lead to tremendous inefficiency for the supply chain, consequently followed by excessive inventory, imbalance between demand and manufacturing capacity, and reduction of customer service level.
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