这是大规模集团在集体行动过程中不可避免的“组织失灵”（Organization Failure）结果。换言之，对于中国劳动力集体来说，仅仅靠他们自然演化的结果是难以形成在契约谈判上的较高的讨价还价能力的。
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非营利性组织失灵 Non-profit Organizations failures
Accordingly,the supply and diffusion system of IGT has multi-failures: market failure and organization failure of supply system,with institution failure and market failure of diffusion system.
在此基础上,提出了市场机制下产业共性技术供给的"组织失灵"和"市场失灵"以及扩散的"制度失灵"和"市场失灵"。
参考来源 - 产业共性技术供给和扩散的多重失灵·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
“微小但刚硬的晶体显示了天然丝迅速对断裂的化学键进行重组织的能力，同时作为‘温和地’失灵的一种结果——就是说，逐渐失灵比突然失灵要好，”研究生凯滕解释说。
“Small yet rigid crystals showed the ability to quickly re-form their broken bonds, and as a result fail ‘gracefully’ — that is, gradually rather than suddenly,” graduate student Keten explains.
因此，如何治理失灵，提高组织的公信度是非营利组织亟待解决的问题。
Therefore, how to govern the failure and raise the degree of public credibility is a problem that non-profit organizations are anxious to solve.
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