学科知识教学的价值取向对于学校教学的目标、内容、方法、手段和效果，具有直接的规范和制约作用。
The values of subject knowledge teaching standardize and restrain the aim, content, methods, means, and effect of school teaching.
他说，这些药物对于实验室内的人体细胞很有效果，但是在正式成为治疗手段之前还需进行药物毒理和临床实验，而这个过程大概需要五年或更长时间。
He said that the drugs have been effective on human cells in the laboratory but that toxicology and clinical trials would be needed before it could be adopted as a treatment.
由于短期政策利率接近或已经达到零，因此获得更多的货币提振意味着扩展一系列手段，而这些手段的效果和副作用却并不知道。
With short-term policy rates at or near zero, getting more of a monetary boost means expanding a set of instruments whose efficacy, and side-effects, are ill-understood (see article).
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