In the meantime, Trotsky's book is a shot fired across the bow of those forms of "aestheticism"--quote, unquote -which can be understood as self-involved, self-preoccupied, and indifferent to history and class struggle.

同时，托洛斯基的攻击唯美主义,他这样评价，它,唯美主义可以被理解为一种纯粹的自我欣赏，漠视历史和阶级斗争。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

That is Hirsch's other key position, and we can understand it by saying something like this: the meaning of a text is what the author intended it to mean -that is to say, what we can establish with a reliable paraphrase.

这就是赫施的另一个重要观点，我们可以这样理解它：,文章的意思是作者想要表达的,即我们通过适当的释意能够想到的。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选