在15世纪，印刷术得到发展，纸张成为欧洲书籍的主要材料，在此之前的主要材料是羊皮纸。

During the 1400s, when printing was being developed, paper became the predominant material for books in Europe, but prior to that, it was parchment.

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在此之前，在20世纪50年代和60年代，每年都有超过5万头鲸鱼被捕杀。

Before it, in the 1950s and 1960s, more than fifty thousand whales per year were killed.

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这是一种简单的适应方式，能确保它们在冬季过后发芽，而不是在此之前就早早发芽。

This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.

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You see this whole realm on life flourishing, on happiness, on well-being has been until recently dominated by the self-health movement.

殷盛人生，快乐，幸福感这一整个领域，在此之前一直被心理自助运动统治。

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But before I tell you about lab experiments let me tell you about the most famous field experiment on this idea.

但是，在此之前,让我告诉你们关于这个观点最著名的现场试验。

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Before that, people used to put papers in piles, tie them up in ribbons, and put them on bookshelves or in drawers.

在此之前，人们经常将纸堆起来，用丝带卷好系上，然后放在书架上或是抽屉里。

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