本文介绍和比较了概率参数学习的各种常用方法，并探求了它们在不同应用背景下的优缺点。
This paper introduces various common methods in probability data learning and make comparison among them under various application background.
在这样的背景下，重现性指的是该分析规程在不同实验室的应用，例如在一个协作实验室里进行研究。
In this context reproducibility refers to the use of the analytical procedure in different laboratories as in a collaborative study.
沃尔泽和米勒在多元主义正义观的立论背景、理论基础、应用原则、研究范畴等方面既有共同之处，有存在一些不同见解。
Walzer and Miller have some common understandings toward the background, basis, applying principle and research area of the theory, but there are some different views between them as well.
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