首先，我们注意到交易是件好事，因为消费者的效用要高于生产者的成本。

First, note that trade is a good thing, because the buyer values the car more than the seller.

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如果成本与效用一样，都是主观的，不可加总、不能比较；那么当然，任何社会成本，包括交易成本的概念就变得毫无意义。

But if costs, like utilities, are subjective, nonadditive, and noncomparable, then of course any concept of social costs, including transaction costs, becomes meaningless.

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在这个价格水平下，效用低于p的销售者愿意交易。 考虑到我们对质量均匀分布的假设，以价格p交易的汽车的质量区间为0到p之间。

At this price, any seller who values the car less than p will be willing to trade.

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