Nordhaus calls this recommendation for a policy that builds gradually over a long period the “climate-policy ramp.”

诺德豪斯将这一长期逐步实施的建议称为“渐进式气候政策”。

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Thus, Stern attaches nearly 100 times as much value as Nordhaus does to having any given level of costs and benefits 100 years from now.

因此，Stern给予100年后产品成本和收益的现值是Nordhaus的将近100倍。

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Because Stern judges the present value of those benefits to be higher than Nordhaus does, Stern can justify spending more today on mitigating climate change than Nordhaus can.

因为Stern判断那些收益的现值要高于Nordhaus的判断，所以Stern可以认定在今天减少气候变化所需的花费要比Nordhaus所认为的更多。

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And it is a low level: lower than Tol or William Nordhaus would suggest for example.

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William Nordhaus has done the work for us over here.

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Yale economist William Nordhaus examined the history of lighting technologies, from open fires and stone animal fat lamps in ancient times to modern incandescent and fluorescent bulbs.

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