The cost of replacing transformers gets passed on to consumers, though Kappenman says it is unlikely to account for more than a few per cent of the total cost of electricity.

更换变压器的成本转嫁到消费者身上，尽管卡彭曼说这不太可能占超过电力总费用的百分之几。

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These consequences were explored in a series of simulations conducted by John Kappenman, one of the few authorities on how solar geomagnetic disruptions might upset the current electrical distribution system.

FORBES: Intelligence Community Warns Solar Storms Could Collapse Electric Grid

Much has been written about how antiquated the U.S. electrical grid is the average substation transformer is 42 years old but according to John Kappenman, some of the newer technology is more vulnerable to geomagnetically induced upset than older systems.

FORBES: Intelligence Community Warns Solar Storms Could Collapse Electric Grid