二、 政策执行的理论、 途径和模型(二) 政策执行的研究途径2、 “自下而上” (bottom-top) 途径该途径以组织中的个人(即参与政策过程的所有行动者) 作为出发点, 政策链条中的较低及最低层次被当作政策执行的基础; ...
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Bottom top 底座面 ; 底盖
Bottom-top Models 由下至上模型
Top and Bottom 顶底 ; 顶部和底部 ; 顶层及底层
Top to bottom 由上至下 ; 完全彻底的 ; 自上而下 ; 从上到下
bottom to top 下至上 ; 从下到上 ; 底到顶 ; 下而上
no bottom no top 缺离低音 ; [声] 缺高低音
top and bottom process 奥辐德顶底分层炼镍法 ; 分层法 ; 顶底炼镍法 ; 分层操作法
"It's tough at the top," he said. "It's tougher at the bottom," riposted the billionaire.
“身居高位很辛苦,”他说。“在底层更辛苦,”亿万富翁机敏地答道。
Leave a gap at the top and bottom so air can circulate.
在顶部和底部各留一点空隙,这样空气就可以流通了。
We started from the bottom and we had to work our way up to the top.
我们从最底层做起,必须奋斗到最高层。
- Parses through them, which means to read through this-- what are really just text files, top to bottom, left to right.
从语法上分析它们,这就是说要阅读它-,实际上是一个文本文件,从上到下,从左到右。
So it's not the case that top always beats-- it's not the case that top always does better than bottom, or that bottom always does better than top.
也就是说选择上并不总是最优的,上并不总是优于下,或者下并不总是优于上
But for the next week or two when you're writing programs, at least for the first time, generally if you're trying Scratch to debug them like you might have been trying to troubleshoot Scratch, you're probably going to reason - through it by looking through the your code -- -- top to bottom, maybe engage a staff member for help -- but your friend will also be printf.
但是,在接下来的一两周内,当你们写程序的时候,或至少在第一次写的时候,通常如果你在调试程序,就像你们可能已经试着调试过,你们或许是通过查看你们的代码,来推断你们的程序-,从头到尾,可能还需要别人的帮忙-,但是你的朋友也将要打印输出。
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