四是预算约束软化和预算外资金大量存在。
Fourthly, soft budget constraints and extra budgetary funds exist widely.
然而，一个预算约束的时代与做任何尝试时代一样好。
An era of budgetary constraint, however, is as good a time as any to try.
本文认为企业不能满足该约束条件是导致软预算约束的根本原因。
We argue that failing to meet the condition is an important cause for soft budget constraint.
从个人预算约束的原理分析财政的预算约束会得出几乎相同的结论。
From the principle of personal budget restrict, analyse financial budget restrict, can draw a almost same conclusion.
预算约束线的斜率会有所不同，人们对即时消费和延期消费的偏好，也会有所不同。
The budget constraint is going to have a different slope to it and preferences will be different over this horizon between consumption then and consumption now.
但是从智利到瑞士的经验都证明力正确的预算约束可以限制过度挥霍浪费。
But experience from Chile to Switzerland suggests that the right budgetary girdles can restrain profligacy.
约束机制应包括市场竞争约束、法律约束、预算约束、责任约束和监督约束等。
The restraint incentive mechanism should include market competitive restraint, legal restraint, budgetary restraint, restraint of responsibility as well as supervisory restraint, etc.
公司内部约束机制包括完善公司治理结构、加强业绩审计考核、责任约束、预算约束；
Constraint Mechanism inside includes bettering corporation manage structure, strengthening appraisal system, responsibility constraint, budget constraint.
产权不清晰，对利息内在预算约束不强，逾期风险责任弱化，对利率反映就不会灵敏。
If no clear right, no strictly constraint on inner-budget and weak responsibility on the risk of exceed the time limit, it will reflect the interest rate not so sensitive.
已有的关于软预算约束的研究大多集中在政企之间，且多以非合作博弈方法对之进行分析。
To summarize the existing research of the soft budget constraint, we can find that most of them use the dis-cooperate game theory to analyze, and mostly concentrate on the government and enterprise.
若没有预算约束，个人将不断增加X,Y,Z……的消费，直到它们的边际效用为零。
Without a budget constraint, the individual would continues to increase his consumption of X, Y, z,...... until their marginal utilities became zero.
这也是中国在航天领域实力日增的最新表现，而美国载人航天活动则因预算约束和侧重点转变而受阻。
The space station, which is yet to be formally named, is the most ambitious project in China's exploration of space, which also calls for landing on the moon, possibly with astronauts.
本文利用不完全信息动态博弈模型，探讨了金融危机、监管者的软预算约束与银行道德风险之间的关系。
Using a dynamic game model of incomplete information, this paper discusses the relations among financial crisis, regulators soft budget constraints and bankers moral hazard.
借用并修改金蛋模型，以拟双曲形贴现效用函数和预算约束中的短期储蓄目标，刻画了中国消费者的短视行为。
This paper establishes a model to analyze myopia of Chinese consumers who have hyperbolic discount functions and short-run saving targets by means of the method of Golden Eggs model.
该效果表明 ，国有银行效率增进与竞争力提升目标 ，至少可以部分地通过硬化预算约束和利润约束来解决。
This indicates that the reform target of the performance enhancement will be partly achieved through the hard profit restriction.
2009年国际货币基金组织对1980年以来的24个大型的财政调整的进行了分析，分析表明它有助于进行正规的预算约束。
An IMF analysis in 2009 of 24 large fiscal adjustments since 1980 found that it helped to have formal budgetary constraints.
“实物瓦尔拉斯法则”的成立是一般均衡存在的必要前提，而“瓦尔拉斯法则”的成立应当是个体预算约束加总的结果。
The tenability of "Walras's law" is the prerequisite of general equilibrium, and the tenability of the law is the result of the aggregate of individual budget.
由于政策性负担不仅产生了软预算约束问题，影响委托人的效用函数，而且加深了信息不对称程度，导致经营者追求灰色收入。
The policy burden not only bring soft budget constraint to affect the principal′s utility function, but also cause the problem of asymmetric information that induces managers to seek gray income .
银行软预算约束的存在使银行业风险监管的有效性受到了很大的影响，仅通过最低资本规定无法有效实现金融体系的安全性和稳定性目标。
Soft budget constraint greatly reduced the effect of banking risk supervision, so it's not easy to realize the safety and stability of financial system only with minimum capital requirement.
科尔奈效应指出，企业预算约束条件不同其要素需求弹性亦不相同，软预算约束的存在会导致企业的要素需求弹性降低，要素需求量增加。
Kornai Effect shows, input demand elasticity is different between enterprises with different budget constraints and soft budget constraint causes an increase in input demand.
这种配置下，就算有硬件预算的约束，也可以提供最多的磁盘空间。
This configuration will provide the most disk space for the server whenever there are hardware budget constraints.
当选前夜，在为休斯敦承包商协会举办的圣诞晚会上，派克女士说到，如果她当选，她的紧迫政策将考虑受约束的预算前景。
On the night before the election, at a Christmas party for the Houston Contractors Association, Ms Parker said that if she won her immediate policies would reflect the constrained budget outlook.
但是，初始计划和策略的进取性主要由组织的预算和技术约束决定。
But aggressiveness of your initial plan and strategy can be largely dictated by the budget and technology constraints of your organization.
项目管理中需要管理三角约束：范围、进度、预算（有时人们把质量和/或资源也加到约束中）。
Projects manage the triple constraint; scope, schedule, and budget (Sometimes people throw quality and/or resources in there too).
它是在满足项目预算和时间的约束条件，为实现项目交付目标，所进行的项目启动，项目计划，项目执行和资源管理时所要遵循的法则。
It is a discipline of initiating, planning, executing, and managing resources with the goal of completing specific deliverables within budget and time.
好的地税税种具有可见性，能阻止预算软约束。
A good local tax is visible and prevents soft budget constraints.
集团通过全面预算管理体系，进一步发挥预算在规范和约束生产经营活动中的作用。
Through implementation of the full-on budget management system, SZWG further maximized the role of budget in normalizing and restraining the production and operating activities.
集团通过全面预算管理体系，进一步发挥预算在规范和约束生产经营活动中的作用。
Through implementation of the full-on budget management system, SZWG further maximized the role of budget in normalizing and restraining the production and operating activities.
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