对服务器和个人电脑(“客户端”)来说，关键的程序是操作系统。
The key program was the operating system, both on servers and on personal computers (" clients ").
通过这种方式，您可以操作这些程序，以了解它们与操作系统之间的底层交互。
In this way, you can actually play with programs to learn about their low-level interactions with the operating system.
在运行任何程序之前，操作系统装载器必须将它装载到实际内存中。
Before any program can run, the operating system loader must load it into real memory.
完成使用后，您只需删除文件，而不用担心卸载程序在操作系统中留下残余内容。
When you are done, you just remove the files without worrying about an uninstall program leaving residuals in your operating system.
安装程序检查硬盘和操作系统状态。
日益成长的应用程序架构(从管理程序、操作系统、虚拟机到各种服务、数据以及应用程序容器)已经成熟，足以进行主要的转换了。
Bloated application Architecture stacks (from the hypervisor, the operating system, the virtual machine to the various service, data and application containers) are ripe for a major transformation.
当您升级服务器上的应用程序和操作系统时，您可以一次性为所有用户更新所有组件。
When you upgrade the applications and operating systems on your servers, you upgrade all the components for all users in one effort.
供应商控制其上运行应用程序的操作系统、硬件和网络基础架构。
The provider controls the operating system, hardware, or network infrastructure on which the applications are running.
管理程序指的是一种软件虚拟化程序，它在操作系统和机器物理资源之间提供了一个抽象层。
A hypervisor is a software virtualization program that provides a layer of abstraction between operating systems and physical resources on a machine.
如果服务器中安装了多个操作系统，您需要从引导加载程序菜单中选择需要引导的操作系统。
If you have multiple operating systems installed on your server, you need to select which one you want from the boot loader menu.
虽然你可以复制某个特定的程序(例如操作系统)并发布给数百万用户，但是你仍然需要建造仅仅一个实际的程序。
Although you may copy and release a particular program such as an operating system to millions of customers, you still need to build only one actual program.
在物理硬件上，控制程序可能是主机操作系统或管理程序(见图1)。
On the physical hardware, a control program can be the host operating system or a hypervisor (see Figure 1).
另一方面，使用真实的驱动程序的操作系统，其所有请求直接提交而无需转换。
On the other hand, when operating with a real driver, all requests are submitted without the need for translation.
这些人员有权安装和删除应用程序、更改操作系统权限以及对属性和系统配置文件进行更改。
This person (or persons) has access to install and remove applications, change OS permissions, and make changes to property and system configuration files.
中间件是位于两个应用程序之间或者应用程序与操作系统之间的一部分软件。
Middleware is the piece of software that lies between two applications or an application and the operating system.
简言之，漏洞扫描器是专门设计用于查找和暴露应用程序和操作系统中的弱点的软件。
Simply put, a vulnerability scanner is a piece of software specifically designed to search for and reveal weaknesses in an application or operating system.
中间件是位于两个应用程序之间或位于应用程序和操作系统之间的软件。
Middleware is the piece of software that lies between two applications or between an application and the operating system.
管理程序在客户操作系统的帮助下完成工作。
The hypervisor does the job with the help of the guest operating system.
为了弥补这个缺点，程序员需要将应用程序划分为一组子应用程序，这样操作系统才可以在不同优先级上运行。
To compensate, a programmer would need to partition an application into a set of applications that the operating system can then run at different priorities.
这种分离使得IBM更容易支持不同的管理程序和操作系统需求。
This separation makes it easier for IBM to support different hypervisor and operating system requirements.
引起性能问题的原因有很多种，比如应用程序的实现方式、应用程序的操作系统、系统使用的远程资源，或者所有这些因素的结合。
Performance problems can be related to how an application is implemented, its operating environment, the remote resources that the system USES, or all of these.
对于云交付模型，使用者对部署的应用程序、操作系统、硬件、软件、存储和网络的控制能力不同，这会影响云安全策略。
It is influenced by how much control a consumer can have over deployed applications, operating systems, hardware, software, storage and networking for a cloud delivery model.
他的简化工作是基于一个程序在基本操作系统中的常规要求，称为系统调用。
His simplification is based on a program's regular requests from the underlying operating system, known as system calls.
很多应用程序都假定由操作系统提供内存管理功能或进程调度功能。
Many applications assume the memory management features, or process scheduling features, provided by the OS.
管理员和开发人员可以使用记录的数据研究应用程序和操作系统，寻找正在运行的系统的异常行为的原因。
The recorded data can be used by the administrators and developers to examine both applications as well as the operating system to track the cause of abnormal behavior of the live system.
这对于决策支持应用程序或协作操作系统可能非常重要。
This can be critical for decision-support applications or cooperating operational systems.
通过这项技术，运行在主机操作系统顶端的管理程序允许多个操作系统同时运行。
With this technology, a hypervisor running on top of the host computer's operating system allows multiple operating systems to run concurrently.
对于特定应用程序，某个操作系统服务可能不是必须的，但其他服务对于目标应用程序的性能可能很重要。
For a given application, certain operating system services may not be necessary, although other services may be important to the target application's performance.
您在计算机上配置的交换空间量主要取决于应用程序和操作系统。
The amount of swap space that you configure on your machine is largely dependent on the application and operating system.
阶段2加载程序加载操作系统。
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