在1902年，当一名德国物理学家表明电子的能量取决于光的颜色（或者频率）时，他们震惊了。
They were startled in 1902 when a German physicist showed that the electrons’ energy depended instead on the color (or the frequency) of the light.
几十年以来，物理学家已经以电子和质子为基础建立起他们的物质理论。
For decades physicists had been building up their theory of matter entirely in terms of electrons and protons.
假设一位物理学家告诉你，科学是未知的，因为无法去问电子它们的行为目的。
But imagine a physicist who told you science was impossible because you can't ask electrons what they want.
第一个测出电子电量的物理学家罗伯特·米尔肯就曾舍弃了与之预期值不符的结果，而他却赢得了诺贝尔奖——因为他的研究结果无错可挑。
Robert Millikan, the physicist who first measured the charge on the electron, discarded results that did not match his expectations, yet he won a Nobel prize-because he was right.
上面的图片是普林斯顿物理学家发明的新型“光子固态”的特写镜头，它们是光半导体，而非电子半导体。
The image above is a close-up of a new "photonic solid" invented by Princeton physicists; think of it as a semiconductor of light, rather than electricity.
在这种光电效应的延伸中，一个光子从原子的边缘打出一个电子，这可能要使物理学家们重新考虑光在什么情况下是波，什么情况下是粒子。
This extension of the photoelectric effect, in which one photon knocks one electron off the edge of an atom, could make physicists reconsider when light is a wave and when it's a particle.
没有人知道分解电子和夸克是否可能，但粒子物理学家们一直在尝试着。
Nobody knows if it is possible to cut an electron or quark but particle physicists keep trying.
物理学家们已经成功使光量子、电子和原子，甚至整个分子达到叠加态并进行相关测量。
Physicists have already put photons, electrons, atoms and even entire molecules into such a state and measured the outcome.
现在，乌克兰物理学家又向前前进了一步，他们成功地拍下了单个碳原子的电子云图片。
Ukrainian physicists have gone one step further and managed to take a picture of a single Carbon atom's electron cloud.
几十年来，欧洲核子研究中心和其他地方的物理学家一直在想方设法克服反氢原子的这些局限。反氢原子由一个正电子与一个反质子构成，正电子绕反质子运行。
For decades, physicists at CERN and elsewhere have been trying to overcome these limitations with antihydrogen, which consists of a single positron orbiting a single antiproton.
在这两种超导体材料中，超导电性是由于电子成双成对地集结在单一的量子态所产生，这是物理学家已知的部份。
Physicists know that in both types of material the superconductivity is caused by electrons pairing up and gathering en masse in a single collective quantum state.
我们拥有一个完整的团队(建造核反应堆)，这些人有物理学家、电子工程专家、车辆专家，甚至一个警卫。
We have people in the whole gamut [building reactors] from physicists to electronics people to car mechanics to even one janitor.
布拉坦因：美国物理学家，因研制电子晶体管而获1956年诺贝尔奖。
Brattain: American physicist. He Shared a 1956 Nobel Prize for developing the electronic transistor.
利弗摩尔实验室的物理学家将电子撞击人金属靶后所产生的高能X射线用于检测老化炸弹，以确认其是否还具有爆炸性。
Those electrons were smashed into a metal target to generate the high-energy X-rays that Livermore's physicists needed to peek inside ageing bombs and check that they were still in working order.
物理学家认为电子的能量应该根据光的强度而定，或者根据它在特定时间段内向指定区域输入多少能量而定。
Physicists expected the energy of the electrons would depend on the intensity of the light, or how much energy it transfers to a given area in a certain amount of time.
因此当1902年一位德国物理学家证实了电子的能量是由光的颜色(或频率)而定时，他们都感到特别吃惊。
They were startled in 1902 when a German physicist showed that the electrons' energy depended instead on the color (or the frequency) of the light.
第一个测出电子电量的物理学家罗伯特·密立根就曾舍弃与之预期不符的结果，而他却赢得了诺贝尔奖——因为他的研究结果是正确的。
Robert Millikan17, the physicist who first measured the charge on the electron, discarded results that did not match his expectations, yet he won a Nobel prize-because he was right.
但在高温超导体里，让这些电子配合成对的“黏胶”是什么，物理学家就一无所知了。
But they do not know what "glue" causes the pairing in the high-temperature (" high-Tc ") superconductors.
这些粒子的大部分都不能被那时的模型物理学家描述，那时的物理学家的认识是物质由原子构成，原子由原子核及原子核外的电子构成，原子核由质子和中子构成。
Most of them did not fit into the models physicists had at that time, that matter consisted of atoms with neutrons and protons in the nucleus and electrons round it.
最近物理学家研究了成对电子能量图表里的“弯折”，做为造成配对力量的一个线索。
Recently physicists have been studying a "kink," or bend, that appears in graphs that plot the energies of paired electrons as a clue to the force that causes the pairing.
最近物理学家研究了成对电子能量图表里的“弯折”，做为造成配对力量的一个线索。
Recently physicists have been studying a "kink," or bend, that appears in graphs that plot the energies of paired electrons as a clue to the force that causes the pairing.
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