洞穴的形成需要火山气体和热量的稳定释放，海拔高到足以防止每年的大量降雪在夏季融化。
The cave-making recipe calls for a steady emission of volcanic gas and heat, a heavy annual snowfall at an elevation high enough to keep it from melting during the summer.
火山气体的温度很高。
酸湖附近，温度很高的火山气体每天可凝结成4吨左右的硫磺石。
Nearby, super-hot volcanic gas can condense into as much as 4 tons of sulfur a day.
火山气体与岩浆加热地下水，使之变成一种高温的酸性水，将演岩石溶解为泥浆。
Volcanic gases and magma heat the groundwater, turning it in a hot acid that dissolves rock into a slurry of mud and clay.
在此之前，古生物学家普遍认为这一恢复过程需要上千万年——考虑到“大消亡”的程度，或者由于这些火山气体导致对地球环境的毒化程度。
Until now, palaeontologists have thought the recovery took tens of millions of years—a reflection either of the profundity of the Great Dying or of the toxic desert planet that the eruptions created.
现代火山释放出的气体混合物类似于这种早期的大气，这表明它（地球）起源于火山喷发。
Gas mixtures emitted from present-day volcanoes resemble this early atmosphere, suggesting its origin from volcanic eruptions.
这很有可能是由于火山爆发，因为火山爆发经常释放气体。
It's quite possible that this is due to volcanic eruptions, because volcanic eruptions often emit gases.
硫磺气体由火山喷发出来。
该火山喷出了更多灼热的火山灰、各种气体和岩石。
The volcano spewed out more scorching volcanic ashes, gases, and rocks.
今天的火山是由地球形成早期被困在地球内部的气体所形成的。
Volcanoes today are the result of gases that were trapped in Earth's interior during the planet's early stages of formation.
除了这些可见的物质外，类似默皮拉的火山同时会释放出二氧化硫，一种能对人类和环境产生多种影响的气体。
In addition to the visible releases, volcanoes like Mount Merapi also give off sulfur dioxide, a gas that can have a variety of effects on people and the environment.
当然，太阳活动仅仅是气候变化的一个自然因素，火山喷发出气体和尘埃进入大气层也会带来这个结果。
Of course, solar activity is just one natural source of climate variability. Volcanic eruptions are another, spewing gas and dust into the atmosphere.
当地球冷却和结晶的时候，来自火山的气体到达地球表面，其中的蒸汽可能已经形成了海洋的大部分。
As the Earth has cooled and crystallised, there were gases from volcanoes coming to the surface and the steam from them has probably formed the majority of the oceans.
随着顶部压力的解除，火山激烈喷涌出大股的岩石、灰尘、气体和蒸气，降落下来后覆盖了数百平方英里范围内的森林。
Relieved of the overlying pressure, the volcano ejected a blast of rocks, ash, gas, and steam that blew down and buried several hundred square miles of forest.
大规模火山活动的爆发释放出巨量的温室气体，同时也造成熔岩的横行四溢。
A surge of volcanic activity released huge volumes of greenhouse gases and caused massive floods of lava.
并且就像地球上的火山喷发，当黑洞向星团气体注入高能粒子时，我们可以看到冲击波。
And just like the volcano here on Earth, shockwaves can be seen when the black hole pumps energetic particles into the cluster gas.
有一种假说认为，徳干火山喷发出的大量二氧化硫有毒气体进入了大气。
One theory suggests the Deccan lavas spewed immense amounts of poisonous sulfur dioxide gas into the atmosphere.
这和火山炙热气体掀起火山灰云非常相似。
This is similar to the hot volcanic gases drag up the clouds of dark ash.
长达一个世纪里，由于我们向大气中释放了二氧化碳和其他温室气体，当今全球变暖问题本身不经意间证实了地球工程学。但是皮纳图火山的爆发提供了当今地球工程学潜力的实例。
Modern global warming is itself evidence of inadvertent geoengineering, the result of all that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases we've been pumping into the atmosphere for a century or so.
1783年Laki火山喷发，有毒气体蔓延全欧洲。
The Laki eruption of 1783 sent poisonous gases far and wide across Europe.
因为火山就相当于一台气体驱动的机器，排放气体量的增加和气体化学成分的改变通常是喷发的前奏。
Because volcanoes are gas-driven machines. An eruption is often preceded by an increase in discharged gas and by variations in its chemical composition.
他们对山峰进行测量，研究了火山上的岩石，对喷发气体进行取样，并解密了火山的活动方式和目前动态。
They wanted to take the measure of the mountain, to study its rocks and sample its gases, to decipher its methods and moods.
一次足够大的火山爆发能够令数百万立方吨的气体和灰烬上升到大气层。
A large enough volcanic eruption can cause millions of cubic tons of gas and ash to be sent high into the atmosphere.
这些火山的爆发引人注目地改变了地球上的生命，大量的火山灰、尘埃和气体注入大气，就会杀死很多物种和改变全球的气候。
These eruptions have dramatically shaped life on Earth, pumping huge amounts of ash, dust and gas into the atmosphere that have killed off species and altered global climate.
火山似乎在释放出巨大的火山碎屑流(一种热的气体和岩石快速移动的喷流)之前，从开始吐出2米宽度的岩石块而开始爆发。
The eruption seems to have started with the volcano spitting out lumps of rock up to 2 metres across, before releasing an enormous pyroclastic flow - a fast-moving gush of hot gas and rock.
图中显示了火山喷发的气体、宽广的海洋、水和冰云在热能辐射上的细微差别。
The image shows subtle differences in thermal energy radiated by volcanic emissions, the open ocean, and water and ice clouds.
野生动物研究专家星期六称，由于刚果（金）尼拉贡戈火山的爆发，其周围地区的野生动物很可能受火山灰、熔岩及硫磺气体所威胁。
Many wild animals in the forests around Congo's Nyiragongo volcano are likely to be harmed by the torrent of lava, ash and sulfurous gas pouring from the crater, wildlife experts said on Saturday.
野生动物研究专家星期六称，由于刚果（金）尼拉贡戈火山的爆发，其周围地区的野生动物很可能受火山灰、熔岩及硫磺气体所威胁。
Many wild animals in the forests around Congo's Nyiragongo volcano are likely to be harmed by the torrent of lava, ash and sulfurous gas pouring from the crater, wildlife experts said on Saturday.
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