目的探讨血管造影在小肾患者的诊断价值。
Objective To explore the diagnostic value of angiography in small kidney patients.
目的探讨保留肾单位手术治疗早期小肾癌的临床效果。
Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of nephron-sparing surgery in patients with early-stage small renal cell carcinoma.
方法对32例临床疑诊为肾动脉狭窄或原因不明的小肾患者进行血管造影。
Methods Angiographies were performed in 32 patients with small kidney of unknown etiology or with suspected renal arterial stenosis (RAS).
随着小肾癌发现率的增加，包括腹腔镜保留肾单位手术和射频消融、 冷冻治疗等在内的保留肾单位的微创治疗得到了更加广泛的应用。
With the increased detection of small renal tumors, minimally invasive treatment of nephron sparing surgery, including Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy and renal ablation has been widespread used.
一个肾单元包含一个毛细血管丛(肾小球)和一个细小的小管(肾小管)，进而引导到更粗大的收集管。
Each nephron contains a tuft of capillary blood vessels (glomerulus) and tiny tubules that lead to larger collecting tubes.
因为他们的肾非常小，但是他们食用大量的奶粉。
Because the kidney is very small and they drink a lot of milk powder.
本例肾细胞癌瘤体巨大，伴发小囊肿形成、局灶性出血和坏死。
This large renal cell carcinoma shows cyst formation and foci of hemorrhage and necrosis.
本书中有时也能发现我们赠送给读者的“小礼品”，一些大体标本的观察，例如先天性肾缺如的患者，其肾上腺是圆形的而不是成角的。
Some gross observations occasionally will be found as lagniappe, such as the notation that in patients with congenital absence of a kidney, the ipsilateral adrenal will be round rather than angulated.
2表达主要定位于肾小管上皮细胞（尤其为近曲小管），也可见于肾毛细血管袢、间质浸润细胞和成纤维细胞。
Par-2mainly expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells especially in proximal tubular cells. it also located in renal capillary ansa interstitial infiltrate cells and fibroblast.
小纤维蛋白血栓可在脑、心脏、肺、肾以及其它器官的小动脉中形成，引起组织缺血。
Small fibrin thrombi can form in small arteries of brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs to produce ischemic tissue damage.
肝细胞及肾近曲小管上皮细胞肿胀、颗粒变性或透明变性，局部细胞溶解，出现坏死病灶；
The cells of the liver and proximal convoluted tubules of kidney showed swell and granular degeneration or hyaline degeneration, in which some cells dissolved and necrotic foci were observed.
结论：选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾损伤出血创伤小、疗效肯定，是一种安全有效的治疗方法。
Conclusion:Selective renal artery embolization in treating renal injury hemorrhage is , with good hemastatic efficacy and less aggression, effective ad safe method.
观察所见，5周胚肾已有肾小体发生，肾内的间充质首先分化成造血干细胞，在造血干细胞的诱导下形成毛细血管及肾小囊。
The result showed that the renal corpuscle had generated at the age of 5th week. First mesenchymal proper order the capillary of the glomerulus and the renal capsule were induced by the stem cells.
结论：肾脏黏液性小管状和梭形细胞癌是一种低度恶性的肾肿瘤，肿瘤细胞核圆形或梭形，异型性很小，可能来源于远端肾单位。
Conclusion:MTASCC of the kidney is a distinctive low-grade renal neoplasm probably arising from distal nephron. The nucleus of tumor cells are round or spindle with less atypia.
前人在铅中毒动物肾近曲小管上皮细胞内发现有核内包涵体。
Intranuclear inclusions were found in epithelial cells of renal proximal convoluted tubules in lead - poisoning animals.
病理分期低、瘤体小、早期发现和尽早行根治性肾切除术是偶发性肾癌患者预后较好的重要因素。
Low pathological staging, small size, early diagnosis and radical nephrectomy are the most important factors of better prognosis of incidental renal carcinoma.
结论：老年双肾肿瘤（一侧大肿瘤一侧小肿瘤）患者半保守治疗安全、有效。
Conclusions:Conservative management is safe and effective for elder patients with bilateral renal masses(one big and one small).
肾近曲小管上皮细胞及线粒体可发生肿胀及内皮细胞脱落等病变。
Swelling of epithelial cells and mitochondria and drop of epithelial cells could occur in renal proximal convoluted tubules.
资料分析发现：肾偶发癌具有肿瘤体积小、病理分期低、生长局限、术后远期生存率高的特点。
By studying these cases, we found that renal incidental carcinoma had some characteristics including small tumor size, early pathological stage, localized growth and high long-time survival rate.
临床上病兔多尿与脱水可能主要与肾远曲小管和集合管的上皮细胞凋亡有关。
The polyuria and dehydration of ill rabbits in clinic were related to renal epithelium apoptosis of distal convoluted renal tubule and collecting duct.
低剂量镉引起肾近曲小管超微结构的早期变化呈明显的剂量效应关系，具有可逆性。
Conclusion Ultrastructural changes in renal proximal tubules induced by low dose of cadmium had a dose response relationship, and were possibly reversible.
结论选用肾毒性小的造影剂、控制造影剂的剂量和水化能够使老年人安全使用造影剂。
Conclusions The elderly could safely use contrast media with low toxicity to kidney and proper dosage and hydration.
目的探讨庆大霉素对实验性大鼠肾近端小管上皮细胞凋亡的影响。
Objective to discuss the effects of gentamicin nephrotoxicity on the apoptosis of proximal tubule epithelial cells of rats.
目的探讨肾实质小肿瘤的性质及其生物学行为，为临床进一步治疗和预后判断提供病理学依据。
Objective To investigate the degree of malignancy and the biological behavior of small renal tumors and provide a pathological basis for clinicians in determination of further treatment and prognosis.
结论选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗肾损伤出血创伤小、安全、疗效确切，能避免肾脏外科手术。
Conclusion Selective renal artery embolization is effective and safe in treating renal injury hemorrhage, with less invasion, less complications and avoiding renal operations.
结论此手术方法创伤小，并发症少，效果好，是肾输尿管肿瘤的有效手术方法之一。
Conclusions the modified surgical technique is effective for the treatment of pelvic and ureteral cancer with less trauma to the patient and fewer complication.
而在肾组织中PD GFA与IGF1的表达均主要集中在远曲小管、远直小管上皮细胞及肾小球毛细血管上皮细胞。
The expression of PDGF a was mainly found in the renal distal tubule and epithelial cells of distal straight tubule and glomerulus capillary, but IGF 1 in transplanting artery equal expressed.
而在肾组织中PD GFA与IGF1的表达均主要集中在远曲小管、远直小管上皮细胞及肾小球毛细血管上皮细胞。
The expression of PDGF a was mainly found in the renal distal tubule and epithelial cells of distal straight tubule and glomerulus capillary, but IGF 1 in transplanting artery equal expressed.
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