大多数股票发行者为老字号的大企业。
国际货币发行者也享受着免于货币浮动性影响的保护。
Issuers of international currencies also enjoy protection from currency volatility.
但如果门槛过低，证券的发行者将涌向最宽松的评级机构。
If barriers are too low, however, issuers will go rating-shopping to the laxest rater.
首先是房贷债券的发行者有义务支付本金和利息。
The first is that the issuers of mortgage bonds remain responsible for making payments on them.
很简单：这样做能将数百万人转变为营销者和发行者。
Simple: Doing so turns millions of people into marketers and publishers.
其他的亚洲国际现在成为了投资者和新发行者的蜂箱。
Other Asian countries have become a beehive for investors and new listings.
也就是说，它们只能很好的验证那些工具发行者已知的攻击类型和数量。
That is, the validation they perform is only as good as the number of attack vectors known to the publishers of the tool.
要验证客户端证书，提供者一方的处理程序必须访问发行者的公共密匙。
To verify a client certificate, the provider-side handler must have access to the issuers' public key.
一些观察员宣称存在一个利益冲突，证券发行者贿赂了估价的机构人员。
Some observers say there is a conflict of interest, as the issuers of securities pay the agencies to rate them.
一种将发行者在到期日前收回债券的可能性考虑在内的偿还期计量方法。
A measure of a bond's maturity which takes into consideration the possibility that the issuer may call the bond before its maturity date.
当然，在一级业务下，如果发行者有麻烦，我们是第一支付者。
In primary business, of course, we are first to pay if the issuer gets in trouble.
债券发行者往往比较愿意将他们的固定利率的债务交换成浮动利率的债务。
These bond issuers would rather swap their fixed-rate obligations for floating-rate ones.
自该市场在2007年创建以来，外国发行者大多是银行及其中国子公司。
Most foreign issuance in the market since its creation in 2007 has come from Banks and their Chinese subsidiaries.
过去，顾问能够劝说信用卡发行者调整利率和更改滞期费，但是欠款额是不可商量的。
In the past, counselors could persuade card issuers to adjust interest rates and modify late fees, but the balance was untouchable.
发行者可能会发现其它来源的债券，比如说美国12家联邦家庭贷款银行的贷款更加便宜。
Issuers might find that other sources of funding, such as advances from America's 12 Federal Home Loan Banks, are cheaper.
并且还有一点：债券发行者向那些评级机构缴纳费用以得到这所谓的公正的评级。
And did we mention that the agencies get paid by the issuers of the CDOs to make their supposedly objective rating?
是否采用动态lpar，最终由Linux的发行者和2.6内核的用途所决定。
Adoption of Dynamic LPAR is ultimately determined by the Linux distributor and the use of the 2.6 kernels.
评级机构本来应该是为市场服务的，但实际上却优先效忠于付给它们评级费用的债券发行者。
Rating agencies were supposed to serve the market, but their first loyalty seems to have been to the issuers who were paying their fees.
审核借款者的工作被下放给了信用评级机构，这些信用评级机构靠贷款发行者吃饭。
Scrutiny of borrowers was delegated to rating agencies, who were paid by the debt-issuers.
评分者的决定去改变他们过去评级市政债券的规模的方式也不能帮助发行者减轻压力。
The decision by some raters to change the scale they use to rank munis has not helped.
现在垃圾债券发行者支付的利差大约要比国债高15个百分点以上，而去年6月仅为2.5个百分点。
Junk issuers are now paying around 15 percentage points more than treasuries, compared with just two-and-a-half points in June last year.
对于复活的证券市场(优质资产，简单产品，发行者特有的风险)如何运行的问题，人们已经达成一致。
There is broad agreement on how a revived securitisation market would work (high-quality assets, simple products, some retained risk on the part of the issuer).
这为Linux的发行者改进自己特定发行版本的Linux的内存管理器留下了很大的空间。
This left a lot of room for Linux distributors to improve on the memory manager for their own particular distribution of Linux.
有一种解释是：股票包销业务仍能依赖发行者与银行之间的密切关系，这使得竞争者很难挤进来。
One possible explain is that the equity underwriting syndication can still depend on the close relationship between the issuers and the Banks, this repels the competitors.
对发行者来说，有资产抵押证券的成本要比筹集无担保债务低的多，同时它的发行不依赖于证券市场的复苏。
For issuers, the costs of funding are lower than raising unsecured debt, and issuance does not depend on the revival of the securitisation markets.
对发行者来说，有资产抵押证券的成本要比筹集无担保债务低的多，同时它的发行不依赖于证券市场的复苏。
For issuers, the costs of funding are lower than raising unsecured debt, and issuance does not depend on the revival of the securitisation markets.
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