But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults.
但在20世纪80年代，对出生时被分开而成年后重新团聚的同卵双胞胎进行研究时，双胞胎研究出现了令人惊讶的转折。
If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.
如果同卵双胞胎彼此在疾病方面比异卵双胞胎更相似，那么这种疾病的易感性至少在一定程度上是由遗传造成的。
Non-identical twins are the result of two fertilized eggs implanting in the uterus at the same time.
非同卵双生胎是两个受精卵同时在子宫着床的结果。
They study pairs of identical twins who grew up in different surroundings, like Jim Springer and Jim Louis.
他们研究了像吉姆·施普林格和吉姆·路易斯一样在不同环境中长大的同卵双胞胎。
For example, Jim Springer and Jim Louis are identical twins.
例如，吉姆·施普林格和吉姆·路易斯是同卵双胞胎。
Scientists continue to study identical twins because they are uncertain about them and have many questions.
科学家们继续研究同卵双胞胎，因为还有不确定的地方和许多问题没解决。
Researchers at the University of Minnesota, study 350 sets of identical twins who did not grow up together.
明尼苏达大学的研究人员研究了350组没有一起长大的同卵双胞胎。
Researchers at the University of Minnesota, studied 350 sets of identical twins who did not grow up together.
明尼苏达大学的研究人员研究了350组没有一起长大的同卵双胞胎。
They want to know why many identical twins make similar choices even when they don't live near each other.
他们好奇为什么许多同卵双胞胎即使不住在一起也会做出相似的选择。
Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code.
由于同卵双胞胎来自于一个分裂成两个的受精卵，他们实际上共享相同的遗传密码。
Many scientists once believed that physical similarities between identical twins are genetic, while their personalities, intelligence and other differences between them are an effect of their environment.
许多科学家曾经认为，同卵双胞胎在外貌上的相似是由基因决定的，而他们之间的性格、智力和其他差异则是受到环境的影响。
Reed's research shows that though nothing can truly change our DNA, environmental differences that a child experiences before birth and in their first year can sometimes affect the way the DNA behaves, making even identical twins into very different people.
里德的研究表明，虽然没有什么能真正改变我们的 DNA，但孩子在出生前和出生后第一年所经历的环境差异有时能够影响 DNA 的表现方式，甚至使同卵双胞胎变成两个很不同的人。
Identical twins share all of their genes and fraternal twins share only about half.
同卵双胞胎的基因完全相同，而异卵双胞胎只有大约一半的基因相同。
Identical twins share identical genetic makeup, while fraternal twins are only as genetically similar as any two siblings.
同卵双胞胎具有相同的基因组成，而异卵双胞胎只是像其他任何两个兄弟姐妹一样基因相似。
The researchers had 102 pairs of identical twins and 71 pairs of fraternal twins look at 20 different images of faces for about a second each.
研究人员让102同卵双胞胎和71对异卵双胞胎看20张不同面孔的图像，每张展示1秒钟。
First, we know that many parents make bad guesses about their children's genetic connection-thinking that fraternal twins are actually identical ones, or vice versa.
首先，很多父母都没有把孩子们的基因联系搞清楚，认为异卵双胞胎是同卵双胞胎——或者刚好相反。
The surprise came when Stanford researchers found a greater number of fraternal twins shared autism than identical twins.
令斯坦福的研究者惊奇的是，后一种双胞胎共患自闭症的情况更多。
If identical twins are more alike than fraternal twins, therefore, we conclude that the trait under consideration is to some degree inherited.
如果同卵双胞胎在某个特定的性格特征上较异卵双胞胎表现出更大的相似性。那么我们就可以确定，该性格特征或多或少受到了遗传的影响。
Other research has reported that, with identical twins, if one twin has ADHD, the other has a 75 percent chance of having the condition.
另外也有研究指出，对于同卵双胞胎来说，如果有一个患有adhd，那另一个也患有相同病症的概率达75%。
The study found that the likelihood of both twins being affected by autism was higher among identical than fraternal twins.
该项研究发现，同卵双胞胎的两个双胞胎儿都患有自闭症的可能性比异卵双胞胎的大。
One way for researchers to figure out where genes end and where environment begins is in the study of identical twins, who share the same genes.
研究人员想探究基因和环境所起到的不同的作用，其方法之一就是对同一对双胞胎做研究，因为他们来自相同的基因。
The scientists made this conclusion based on the fact that identical twins performed much more similarly than fraternal twins.
同卵双生双胞胎比以卵双生双胞胎的心智状况更为接近，科学家据此得出上述结论。
Even among identical twins there is a great deal of variation in personal preference, environment, and hence the risk for disease.
甚至是在同卵双生子中，在个人偏好、环境都有很大差异，因而疾病风险也有差异。
But when they looked at how the identical twins behaved over the course of the 12-year study period, they found marriage did have an active effect.
他们对一对同卵孪生兄弟进行为期12年跟踪研究发现，婚姻是对他们行为确实有重要影响。
However, in 2000, scientists announced that the X and Y chromosomes were once a pair of identical twins.
然而，在2000年，科学家曾宣布，X染色体和Y染色体曾经是同卵双胞胎。
The largest study of its kind, the research focused on autism in 192 pairs of twins - 54 identical, 138 fraternal.
这是规模最大的此类研究，调查集中在192对双胞胎的自闭症问题——54对同卵双胞胎，138对异卵双胞胎。
If the identical twins came up with the same answers more often than the fraternal twins did, then it's more likely that genes were the reason.
如果同卵双胞胎给出相同答案的比率高于异卵双胞胎的，那么很大可能是基因造成了这一结果。
If the identical twins came up with the same answers more often than the fraternal twins did, then it's more likely that genes were the reason.
如果同卵双胞胎给出相同答案的比率高于异卵双胞胎的，那么很大可能是基因造成了这一结果。
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