小尺寸和表面效应也是导致纳米杆应变刚化的原因。
Small size and surface effects also lead to the strain-stiffening effect.
同时，大理岩和砂岩随应变率的增加强度增大，具有明显的应变率效应。
And they are of obvious strain-rate effect, that is, strength increases with strain rate.
该模型包括了应变率敏感性效应，应变软化效应和应变硬化效应。
The model includes the effect of strain rate sensitivity, strain softening and strain hardening.
其次，材料对其应变史中的相对最大应变值有记忆效应。
Moreover a memory phenomenon of the maximal strain value of the load history was registered.
进一步针对轴对称问题，引入等效应变和等效应力。
The effective strain and effective stress are introduced under the condition of axial symmetry.
进一步针对轴对称问题，引入等效应变和等效应力。
The effective strain and effective stress are introduced under the condition of axial symmetry.
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