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And Pauli says no two electrons in a given system can have the entire set of quantum numbers identical.
而泡利认为在一个给定的系统内,没有两个电子有完全相同的量子数。
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No one, until this time, had suggested that a system would be subjected to quantization except for light.
在他之前，还没有人提出过,除光系统外的量子化系统。
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So by parallel we mean - they're either both spin up remember that's our spin quantum number, that fourth quantum number.
所以我们意味着,它们都是自旋向上,记住我们的自旋量子数，是第四个量子数。
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We use the adjective "Newtonian" but we don't speak of certain writers who are still interested in quantum mechanics as "Newtonian writers."
虽然我们用牛顿主义者这个词“,但是我们不会把那些,对量子力学有兴趣的人称作牛顿主义作家“
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You see, the quantum condition, by putting quantization into the moangular mentum it is propagated through the entire system. Orbit dimensions are quantized.
你们看，量子条件，通过把,角动量量子化，它就能在这个系统中进行传播,同时轨道大小也被量子化。
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He has two electrons here with the same set of quantum numbers. B but these are two separate hydrogen atoms.
因为我写了两个量子数,一样的电子,但这是在两个不同原子中啊。
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And this spin magnetic quantum number we abbreviate as m sub s, so that's to differentiate from m sub l.
这个自旋磁量子数我们把它简写成ｍ下标ｓ,以和ｍ小标ｌ有所区分。
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So you might ask well, why are we using this model if it clearly doesn't take into account quantum mechanics?
那么大家可能会问为什么我们要用这个,显然没有考虑量子力学的模型呢？
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what three quantum numbers tell us, versus what the fourth quantum number can fill in for us in terms of information.
三个量子数和,四个量子数告诉我们的信息。
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But it shows you that with a little bit of understanding of quantization you can go a long way.
但它看起来,有一些量子化的含义,你可以研究研究。
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OK, great. So, most of you recognize that there are four different possibilities of there's four different electrons that can have those two quantum numbers.
Ｋ，大部分都认为,有４个不同的可能,有四个不同的电子可以有,这两个量子数。
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What appears to the naked eye to be just glowing is actually superposition of different lines of distinct frequency. So, you see, this is quantized.
出现在肉眼面前的光亮,事实上是波段不同的光线的叠加,所以，它是量子化的。
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You get a set of solutions that are dependent upon -These quantum states fall out of the solution to this equation.
你得到一系列的解,这些解依赖于量子状态,和方程解不相干的解。
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The other thing that we took note as is what happens as l increases, and specifically as l increases for any given the principle quantum number.
另外一个我们要注意的是,ｌ增加时如何变化，特别是对于某个给定的,主量子数ｌ变化时如何变化。
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So, what we can do instead of talking about the ionization energy, z because that's one of our known quantities, so that we can find z effective.
我们做的事可以代替讨论电离能,因为那是我们知道的量子数之一，那是我们可以解出有效的，如果我们重新排列这个方程。
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And when you solved the relativistic form of the Schrodinger equation, what you end up with is that you can have two possible values for the magnetic spin quantum number.
当你们解相对论形式的,薛定谔方程，你们最后会得到两个,可能的自旋磁量子数的值。
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So if we're talking about the fourth excited state, and we talk instead about principle quantum numbers, what principle quantum number corresponds to the fourth excited state of a hydrogen atom.
如果我们说的是,第四激发态，我们用,主量子数来描述，哪个主量子数对应了,氢原子的第四激发态？
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Now, you recall in Bohr the quantum condition.
现在，回忆一下波尔量子理论。
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All right. So let's look at some of these wave functions and make sure that we know how to name all of them in terms of orbitals and not just in terms of their numbers.
好，让我们来看一下,这些波函数,并确定我们都知道,怎么用轨道,而不仅是量子数来命名它们,一旦我们可以命名它们。
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The way he described is when you try to get down a quantum dimensions and you are standing there with your camera, just remember the sun is at your back and your shadow is always in the picture.
这种方法被他描述为,当你试着处理一个量子尺寸时,并且你试着拿着你的相机在那，记住太阳在你的背后,而你的影子总是在照片上。
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And even though he could figure out that this wasn't possible, he still used this as a starting point, and what he did know was that these energy levels that were within hydrogen atom were quantized.
这是不可能的了,但他还是以此为出发点，他知道，氢原子的这些能级,是量子化的,而且他也知道，我们上节课所看到现象。
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But the reality that we know from our quantum mechanical model, is that we can't know exactly what the radius is, all we can say is what the probability is of the radius being at certain different points.
我们不可能准确的知道,半径是多少，我们只能说，它在不同半径处，的概率是多少，这是,量子力学。
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So let's go to a second clicker question here and try one more. So why don't you tell me how many possible orbitals you can have in a single atom that have the following two quantum numbers?
让我们来看下一道题目,你们来告诉我,有多少个可能的轨道,含有这些量子数呢？
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We didn't just need that n, not just the principle quantum number that we needed to discuss the energy, but we also need to talk about l and m, as we did in our clicker question up here.
我们不仅需要ｎ,不仅要这个可以,决定能量的主量子数，还需要ｍ和ｌ,就像我们做这道题这样。
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Yeah. So we have two orbitals, or four electrons that can have that set of quantum numbers.
嗯，有我们有两个轨道，也就是４个电子可以有这套量子数。
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So, we need a new kind of mechanics, which is quantum mechanics, which will accurately explain the behavior of molecules on this small scale.
所以我们需要一种新的力学，也就是量子力学,来解释在这个,小尺度下分子的行为。
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Charge is quantized. And, secondly,he was able to measure the value of the elemental charge.
电荷是量子化的，第二，他能,测量出电荷基本的量值。
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So if we think about, for example, this red line here, which energy state or which principle quantum number do you think that our electron started in?
我们来看看，比如这里的这个红线，它是从主量子数,等于多少的能级发出的？
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The reason there are three quantum numbers is we're describing an orbital in three dimensions, so it makes sense that we would need to describe in terms of three different quantum numbers.
我们需要，3个量子数的原因,是因为我们描述的是一个，三维的轨道，所以我们需要，3个不同的量子数,来描述它。
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So, there's two kind of cartoons shown here that give you a little bit of an idea of what this quantum number tells us.
这里展示的两个图片,可以让你们对,这个量子数有些概念。
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