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Let's flip back a step beyond that to Mycenaean civilization for the purpose of noting the great contrast, the great change.
让我们跳回到迈锡尼时代,比较看看两者间巨大的差异,也就可以明白希腊的巨大进步了
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Everybody in the Mediterranean wanted it for the same reasons, and obviously these Mycenaean sites had access to what they needed.
地中海地区的人们都需要它,很显然这些迈锡尼部落能满足他们的需求
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All right. If the derivative is small, it's not changing, maybe want to take a larger step, but let's not worry about that all right?
好，如果导数很小的话，函数就基本没什么变化,可能我们就想把步子迈大一点儿了,但是别为这个担心？
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And to illustrate one of the studies, I'll tell you about a study that I did with Valerie Kuhlmeier and Karen Wynn.
给大家举一个研究的例子,给你们讲述一个我曾经和,瓦莱里·库尔迈耶以及凯伦·韦恩,一起合作过的研究
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His spear "were but a wand / he walkt with to support uneasy steps."
他的长矛“看来只不过是小棍/他挎着长矛，迈着沉重的步伐，“
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So, that's what is meant by the term, Dark Ages, and that's what does follow the fall of the Mycenaean world.
那么,这就是这个术语的含义,黑暗时代,它紧随着,迈锡尼文明的陨落到来
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If you look at the world of Mycenae once again, we've already seen this, you have a despotism of some kind.
如果你重温一下迈锡尼,我们之前也讲过,你会从某种程度上想到专制
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Usually, the picture is that they are coming from the north or the northeast and pressing down into it.
他们通常来自于北方,或者东北,使用武力手段进入了迈锡尼
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You find Mycenaean elements, tools, other things, pottery particularly of a certain kind, all over the Mediterranean Sea.
你可以在一些发掘的工具及其他物品,特别是某种陶器上,发现迈锡尼文明的影子遍布地中海区域
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So, the citadel and the farmland surrounding it, make up fundamentally the unit which is the Mycenaean kingdom.
因此,以城堡和周围的农田为根基,组成了称为迈锡尼帝国的文明
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Then we see that when this culture comes to an end, it is accompanied by people fleeing, getting away from the Mycenaean world.
随后我们看到当这个文明走到了尽头,随之而来的是民众的背离,人们从迈锡尼逃离
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What you see is a kind of cultural unity, first of all, within the Mycenaean world itself.
你看到的是一种文化的统一体,首先,在迈锡尼文明内部文化就是统一的
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And of course, there are more theories about the fall of the Roman Empire than there are about the fall of the Mycenaean world.
当然,罗马帝国衰落的理论比,迈锡尼衰落的理论更多
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But of course, a lot was known about these Mycenaeans well before the syllabary was deciphered.
当然,大量关于迈锡尼的知识,在那些表音文字被破译前就知道了
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But their alphabet has got nothing to do with Mycenae; this is a new thing altogether.
但是他们的字母系统与迈锡尼的没有关系,它完全是一个全新的东西
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So having succeeded with that, he thought well, now that I've seen Troy, how about Mycenae?
随着这次成功,他又想到,我已经看到了特洛伊城,那迈锡尼城呢
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So, the fact that this was a Greek script that was available in the Mycenaean Period tells us very confidently that the Mycenaeans were Greeks.
所以,这个在迈锡尼时期出现的,希腊语书写方法,让我们有足够理由说,迈锡尼人就是希腊人
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Whoever was writing the poems of Homer, whichever poets were contributing to that over the ages after the Mycenaean Period, they hadn't seen those Mycenaean sites.
不管是谁写的《荷马史诗》,无论那些诗人在迈锡尼文明之后,为该作品作出了多大贡献,他们都没见过迈锡尼文明遗址
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An omnipresent bureaucracy with its detailed and all encompassing records gives the clearest picture of the power exercised by the centralized monarchs of the Mycenaean Age."
一个无处不在的官僚体制,所留下详尽细致,无所不包的记录,清晰地描绘了,迈锡尼时期中央集权统治的实行"
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The next time you go to Mycenae don't miss the cistern that was dug in the mountains, on the hillside, within the walls at that period.
你们下次去迈锡尼古城的时候,一定不要错过那一时期在山坡和城墙之间,挖掘的蓄水池
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Now, that's not what queens do. I'm sure the Mycenaean queens didn't do that, but it's very, very interesting that that is what the Homeric queens do.
但王后不做这个 我肯定迈锡尼王后,不织布,但非常有趣的是,荷马史诗中的王后却在织布
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Let's take Mycenae, which is maybe the best example of the whole culture.
我们以迈锡尼城为例,这也许是此文明最好的例子
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That appears for the first time after the fall of the Mycenaeans.
它第一次出现于在迈锡尼文明衰落之后
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There are also differences, sometimes, in the shape of weapons that we find in the Greek World after the Mycenaean Period compared to what are described in Homer's poems.
在武器的设计上有时也有差异,处于后迈锡尼文明的希腊所发现的,武器和《荷马史诗》的描述是不同的
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We find Egyptian things in Mycenae and vice versa, and also presumably, much of it must have gone into Mesopotamia; some of it went all the way to the Western Mediterranean.
我们在迈锡尼城中发现了来自埃及的物品,反之亦然,由此推测,很多迈锡尼物品也散播到了美索不达米亚,其中一些出现在西地中海
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You cannot imagine the great kings of Mycenae doing that.
我们很难想象迈锡尼的国王会务农
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Was it the world of the Mycenaean Bronze Age?
是迈锡尼的青铜时代吗
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Off he went to the northeast Peloponnesus to the site where he thought it might be, Mycenae, from Homer's account-- I wouldn't be telling you this story, and you know the outcome.
因此他奔向伯罗奔尼撒半岛东北部,根据荷马的叙述,他认为迈锡尼城在那里,我想不用告诉你这个故事的结局,你们也能猜出来
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And that, I think, we have to understand as being because of his function in the situation, namely there is a multi-city invasion of Troy being carried on by these Mycenaean Greeks.
基于这个问题,我们先要明白,他的地位以及所起的作用,许多迈锡尼的希腊城邦联合起来,对特洛伊发起进攻的时候
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And if you look at the whole story that he tells, that really means quite soon after the fall of the Mycenaean world, probably maybe a century earlier than what Finley suggests.
如果你关注一下他所描述的内容,就会发现那是在迈锡尼世界瓦解之后,可能要比芬利的观点还要早一个世纪
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