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Cummings actually boldly experimented with this principle and he attracted the attention of the linguists, particularly a linguist named Dell Hymes.
对此，卡明斯做了一个大胆的试验,吸引了语言学家的注意，特别是德尔海默斯。
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Well, if I had the option, I would really like to go to grad school for linguistics.
如果可以选择的话，我真的很想去读语言学的研究生。
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Now "The Theory of the Formal Method," Eikhenbaum's essay that you've read for today, was written in 1927.
这篇，形式语言学理论“,是艾肯鲍姆，在1927年写的。
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And human language uses this amazing trick described by Ferdinand de Saussure, the great linguist, as "The arbitrariness of the sign."
人类语言使用这些,被语言学家费迪南德·德·索绪尔,称之为"符号任意性"的神奇把戏
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Higgins The idea here is how Higgins, doctor, linguist, took a flower girl and molded her in the sense into being royalty.
说的是，一位博士，语言学家，如何把一个卖花女塑造成贵族。
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But really it's the study of... it's like linguistics as applied to older languages, so
但它其实是研究……它像运用于更古老的语言的语言学，所以
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Well, I am a Linguistics major, so I do a lot of research and kind of focus a lot of my studies on acquiring language.
我是语言学专业的，所以做了很多专注于语言习得的研究。
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In fact, linguists often argue about this subject, and it's a complicated one.
实际上，语言学家经常在这个问题上有争议，这是很复杂的一个东西。
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That we share not just the capacity for language in the way a linguist might assert, but that we share a certain common moral language.
我们不只共享语言能力,如同语言学家所主张，更共享,一种特定的共同道德语言。
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I don't know the philology side, I don't know what disables to metaphysical questions.
我不知道者从语言学上来说对不对，我也不懂从形而上学角度看,有什么问题。
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including Computer Science, Mathematics, Linguistics, things of that sort.
包括计算机科学、数学、语言学，这一类的。
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and then applying it to the study of linguistics.
然后利用它来研究语言学。
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The study of Linguistics is the study of language
语言学是研究语言的学科,
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I really, I really am passionate for linguistics.
我真的真的对语言学很有热忱。
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This then is the object of Saussure's attention as a linguist and as a semiotician.
这就是索绪尔所注意到的,作为一个符号学家兼语言学家。
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In fact, language is sufficiently interesting that, unlike most other things I'll talk about in this class, there is an entier field devoted to this study the field of linguistics that is entirely devoted to studying the nuances and structures of different languages.
事实上,语言是非常有意思的,与本门课上探讨的其他主题不同,对它的研究形成了一个完整的专业,即语言学专业,这个专业致力于研究各种语言的,细微差异及其结构
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Like the Russian formalists--and in a way like the New Critics -talking about their "academic" colleagues, Saussure is vexed by the messiness and lack of system in the study of linguistics.
这一点和形式主义者，新批评论者,这些学院派的人们很相像，索绪尔对语言学的杂乱,和无章感到恼火。
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The linguists know that that's not at all necessarily the case.
语言学家认为语言的基本单位不一定是词。
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In other words, a connotation is valuable and ought to be invoked even if it's philologically incorrect if it contributes to the unity, the complex building up of the unity, of the literary text.
也就是说,如果隐含意义是文本更具有一致性,它就是有价值,且值得探究的，即使从语言学角度说，它是不正确的。
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Some linguists would interview --Linguists would interview adults in these communities and say, "Why don't you speak to your babies?"
语言学家们会访问,住在这些社会中的成人,然后问道,"你为什么不和你的宝宝说话"
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Just imagine a philologist being confronted with the idea that the meaning of words at a certain historical moment isn't the only thing that matters in understanding the meaning of a poem.
想象一下，一个语言学家看到一个理论指出,一个字在特定历史阶段的语义,不是影响诗歌意思理解的,唯一因素。
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where I was looking primarily at old English poetry and English philology
我主要研究古代英国诗歌和英语语言学。
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De Man goes on to say very challengingly:] What we call ideology is precisely the confusion of linguistic with natural reality, of reference with phenomenalism.
德曼继续挑战性地说道],我们所说的思想意识就是指语言学上的困惑,在自然现实意义上的，以及关于现象论的参考上的困惑。
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So, take some standard examples from the linguistic study of English.
举一些英语语言学研究的典型案例
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My major is Linguistics and Anthropology.
我的专业是语言学和人类学。
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And linguists have all of these conditions they say, "No language in the world works this way."
而语言学家们知道这些条件,他们会说"世界上没有语言会这样表达"
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And most linguists would argue "Yes," that languages are highly constrained in how they do things.
大多数语言学家们都会回答"是的",语言在很大程度上依赖于语法规则的使用
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Linguists can work at different levels of abstraction with language.
根据不同层面的基本单位，语言学家有不同的研究。
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It's not--It's actually close to how linguists describe normal languages, but it's very simple.
这个例子和语言学家所描述的,正常语言非常接近,但却很简单
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And then the American linguist would say, "Yeah. We speak to our dogs."
然后这些美国的语言学家会说,"是啊,我们会和我们的狗说话"
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