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So, now you have a single molecule, very large molecule, with not just two binding sites but with ten binding sites.
所以如果你体内有一个细胞,一个体积很大的细胞,细胞表面不只有两个抗原结合位点,而有十个抗原结合位点
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Once you have a difference that occurs, two cells are difference, those differences can propagate as the cells continue to divide.
一旦产生差异,产生两个不同的细胞,这些差异会伴随着,细胞分裂过程代代相传
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So, you have both the diversity in the physical connections, any one cell is potentially contacting lots of other cells.
所以 神经系统既有多样性的物理连接,即每个细胞都可能与其他许多细胞连接
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What's the difference between this cell which I call a committed progenitor cell and its offspring, and the offspring of that offspring.
我所称的定向祖细胞,和它的子细胞之间,还有它子细胞的子细胞之间有什么区别呢
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If you isolate those immature cells, some of them are less mature than others, some of them have more potential than others.
如果分离这些未成熟细胞,会发现有一些细胞成熟程度更低,它们比其他细胞更具潜能
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Pluripotent stem cells that are capable of self-renewal to generate themselves and are capable of dividing into both bioloid and lymphoid progenitor cells.
多能干细胞,是能够通过自我更新进行自我生成的细胞,也能分化成髓系祖细胞,或者淋巴祖细胞
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This pluripotent stem cell is able to self-renew and it's able - generating committed progenitors of either the myeloid or the lymphoid lineage.
这种多能干细胞能自我更新,也可以生成定向祖细胞,可以是髓系祖细胞或者淋巴祖细胞
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The other property is that these committed progenitor cells that are formed can turn into something, can turn into more mature cell types.
另一个的性质就是成为定向祖细胞,进而形成某种特定细胞,成为更成熟的细胞形式
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The cells of this cluster inside next to the fluid filled cavity is a region of the blastocyst called the inner cell mass.
而这簇细胞的内侧,毗邻于充满液体的空腔的一侧,这些细胞在囊胚中称为内群细胞
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We've been talking about single cell or some subset of cells and propagating them so that you get a larger population of cells.
我们说到了一个细胞,或者一组细胞进行繁殖以后,你就能得到数目可观的细胞
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That's one way of thinking why animal cells have cells from animals and humans have sub-cellular compartments.
这就不难想见,为什么动物细胞,包括,人类细胞有亚细胞结构区域了
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That difference has functional consequences for the daughter cells in that one of the daughter cells becomes what's called here a committed progenitor cell.
而这些差异会导致子细胞,产生一些功能上的变化,其中一个子细胞会成为,所谓的定向祖细胞
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It separates those duplicated chromosomes to two sides of the cell, physically separates them, and the cell itself pinches off to form two new cells.
双倍化的染色体,被分别拉向细胞的两边,物理性的分离了,细胞本身中央凹陷形成两个新细胞
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One of the purposes of cell culture is to make many, many more cells under controlled conditions where I can understand what those cells are.
细胞培养的一个目的就是,在可控的环境下生成许许多多的细胞,从而让我能够研究这些细胞
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The kinds of proteins that sit on a cell surface and form adhesion junctions with neighboring cells, that's one class of cells on the surface.
这些蛋白位于细胞表面,和相邻的细胞建立粘附链接,这是细胞的一个种类
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One of the main things that we use cell culture or maintenance of cells outside the body for is to make more copies of cells.
我们培养细胞,或者体外维持细胞的重要步骤,就是复制更多的细胞
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All cell membranes have these channels within them, and under their resting conditions sodium is moving from outside to inside, potassium's moving from inside to outside.
所有细胞膜上都有这种通道结构,在静息状态下,钠从细胞外流向细胞内,钾从细胞内流向细胞外
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As division happens and the developing organism acquires more and more cells, individual cells become differentiated, they become more and more like their final mature form.
分裂过程不断发生,以及发育中的有机体对更多细胞的需求,细胞个体便逐渐分化,它们越来越接近成熟细胞的样子
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During development of the embryo it goes from being a single cell, the fertilized egg, to being a multi-cellular organism with billions of cells in it.
胚胎的发育,始于一个单一细胞,即受精卵,直到形成一个以十亿计数量的细胞构成的,多细胞有机体
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Now, the differences here may be subtle in terms of chemical composition or if you put these cells under a microscope and looked at their analysis.
干细胞与祖细胞化学成分的区别,还非常微小,除非你把细胞放在显微镜下,或者看细胞分析报告
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By cell/cell contact, I mean that there's a receptor in one cell that makes some kind of a chemical interaction with a receptor in another cell.
通过细胞之间的接触,我的意思是在一种细胞上的受体,能与另一细胞上的受体发生某种化学反应
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Well, what if this division takes place in an environment where there's one kind of extra cellular matrix here and another kind of extracellular matrix here?
那如果在细胞分裂的过程中,两个子细胞的细胞外基质不同,会对它们产生什么影响
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When I talked about mitosis, I talked about cells making perfect copies of each other, so each parent cell becoming two daughter cells that are the same.
我讲有丝分裂的时候,谈到过细胞能够完美的复制自己,母细胞分裂成为,两个完全一样的子细胞
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It's this - its cells in this region here, this inner cell mass that that's the source of embryonic stem cells, cells from inner cell mass here.
就是这个,在这片区域的胚胎细胞,即内细胞群,而胚胎干细胞的来源所在,就是源自这里的内细胞群
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Humans are collections of cells, all cells are the same in important ways, but cells acquire differences during development, and so we are collections of billions of cells.
人类是一个细胞的集合,细胞在关键方面都是一致的,但在发育中细胞获得了不同的特点,而我们是一个数以十亿计的细胞的集合
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If cells were actively proliferating, that is you had a population of cells that are actively proliferating, they would be going through continuous rounds of the cell cycle.
如果细胞处在活跃增殖状态,就是说有一定数量的,细胞具有增殖活性,它们就会连续地经历细胞周期的各个阶段
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What's called the phenotype of a cell and we'll talk more about this next week when we start talking about cells and a little bit about cell physiology.
这就叫做细胞的表现型,下周我们会再次谈到这里,那时我们会讲到细胞,和一些细胞生理学方面的内容
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When they become more like the liver, they differentiate into liver cells.
当细胞变得越来越像肝细胞的时候,我们就称其为分化成了肝细胞
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Because on second exposure there's another population of cells that I haven't mentioned before that remain after the primary exposure and those are called memory cells, they're down here.
因为在再次免疫中,有另外一些细胞,我之前并没有提到过它们,在初次免疫结束后保留下来的细胞,被称为记忆细胞,它们在下面
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This is a way of introducing cytotoxicity or cell killing ability into a cell, and that's been used to treat many kinds of cancers, particularly cancers of the brain.
这种方法常用来导入细胞毒素,或者赋予细胞杀伤其他细胞的能力,以治疗多种癌症,特别是脑癌
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