So we have system insulated from the outside world, and we have two bulbs.

我们有一个与环境隔绝的系统，和两个腔体。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

The respiratory system, for example, the renal system, the digestive system, these are examples - three examples of organ systems that contact the external environment.

例如,呼吸系统,泌尿系统,消化系统,这些系统,这三个系统,与外环境相联系

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

There's no change in them, and then we also looked at some at non-state functions, work and heat, and saw that those aren't zero going around a cycle. Of course you can do work in a cyclic process, and heat can be exchanged with the environment at the same time.

它们不会有变化，然后我们研究了,一些非态函数，功和热量，并看到,沿着循环行进一周的话,它们并不是零，当然你可以在,一个循环过程中做功，而同时热量可以在系统,与外界环境之间进行交换。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

We've talked about the interesting way in which the digestive system contacts the external environment.

我们会讲到,消化系统与外环境之间十分有趣的联系

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Depending on what you call external and internal environment, this path that I'm tracing here, deep within your digestive system, is really directly connected to the outside world through both ends.

基于你们所谓的外环境和内环境,我在这里我所指的消化系统内部通路,它的两端确实与外界环境直接相通

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

U It's u, because u is to q plus w right, heat and work, but it's adiabatic. So there's no heat, exchange with the environment, and it's constant volume, so there's no p dV work, right.

什么是零？是U，因为,等于q加w，热量和功，但这是绝热的，所以系统与环境间没有热量交换；,同时它是灯体的，所以也没有pdV形式的功。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选