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Neurons have these projections because one important property, or one important function of neurons, is to communicate with each other.
这些突起,源于神经细胞,一项重要的性质,或者说一项重要的功能,那就是实现信息的交流
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Like many cells in neurons, the shape of the cell is intimately related to its function within the organism.
同许多种神经细胞一样,这个细胞的形状和,它们在生物体中执行的功能紧密相关
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Making sure that your lump of flesh doesn't have its neurons hurt?
确保你血肉之躯的神经细胞不受伤害？
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As he writes, The Astonishing Hypothesis is that: You, your joys and your sorrows, your memories and your ambitions, your sense of personal identity and free will are in fact no more than the behavior of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated molecules.
正如他在其著作《惊人的假说》中写到,你,你的喜悦,悲伤,回忆,抱负,你对人格同一性的感知,你的自由意志,事实上,这一切都不过,是大量神经细胞集,与其缔合分子的生理反应而已
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It varies in its structure among cells of the nervous system but all synapses have some properties in common.
突触结构因神经系统细胞不同而不同,但突触都有某些共同属性
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So, you have both the diversity in the physical connections, any one cell is potentially contacting lots of other cells.
所以 神经系统既有多样性的物理连接,即每个细胞都可能与其他许多细胞连接
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Now, what this enables these cells to do is to communicate with very specific other regions of the nervous system.
现在,细胞就能够,同神经系统其他特定区域进行通讯
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The synapse is just this anatomical region of contact between two adjacent cells in the nervous system.
突触是解剖学上,神经系统相邻两细胞的连接区域
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They're small molecules that - whose principal function in the body is to carry signals from one cell in the nervous system to another.
它们都是小分子,在体内主要功能是在,神经系统内将信号,从一个细胞传导到另一个细胞
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That voltage moves from one end of the cell to the other.
这个电压从神经细胞一端传导到另一端
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That would be a bad design for our nervous system where we want to use cells over and over again, so they're able to recover from this change in potential.
这样的神经系统设计可不怎么样,我们想要能重复使用的神经细胞,所以它们具有从电势变化中恢复的能力
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So action potentials are used by tissues in different ways to send signals from one cell to another or from one end of one cell to another end of the cell.
所以组织以不同的方式利用动作电位,将信号从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞,或从一个神经末梢到另一个神经末梢
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The cells that take an electrical signal, which is coming down your nerve and convert it into a muscle contraction work this way, so 'neuro' nerve, muscle junctions act based on ligand-gated ion channels.
依靠相同的工作原理,细胞将来自于神经的,电信号传递到细胞收缩肌中,所以神经和肌肉关节运动,都基于配体门控离子通道
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Cells that are within the region that becomes the nervous system become less like the zygote and more like the cells of our brain, neurons and glia, and cells of the mature brain.
位于神经发育区中的细胞,变得越来越不像受精卵,而像脑细胞,神经细胞或神经胶质细胞等等,这些成熟的脑组织中细胞
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In some cells they're recycled, that is the cell is able to take up the neurotransmitter after it's released and restore it, but most often there are enzyme systems inside the pre-synaptic membrane where those neurotransmitters are synthesized.
在一些细胞中神经递质可以循环利用,这些细胞可以吸收,已经释放出的神经递质并重新储存起来,但更常见的是突触前膜中含有酶系统,在此合成神经递质
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So organs are made up of combinations of tissues where all the tissues are collections of cells that are doing some function, nervous tissue, muscular tissue, epithelial tissue, those are examples of tissues that form organs.
所以器官是由各种组织组合而成,所有的组织都是,具有某些功能的细胞集合,神经组织,肌肉组织,上皮组织,这些都是由组织构成器官的例子
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Part of the complexity of the nervous system is the complexity of this interconnection of cells.
神经系统的复杂性部分地,体现在神经细胞间相互连接的复杂性
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If you look throughout the nervous system you would find cells that look different in different regions, because of where they're situated in the brain.
如果你仔细检视神经系统,你会发现不同部位的神经细胞,看起来不一样,这取决于它们在大脑中所处的位置
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Many neurotransmitters that carry signals between neurons in your brain work this way.
在脑部神经元细胞中,传递信号的神经递质分子的,作用原理就是如此
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They might be capable of forming all of the cells of the nervous system; they might still have some potency to form other things that are similar to the nervous system.
它们也许可以生成,所有神经系统的细胞,也许还有一些生成和神经系统类似的,其他东西的潜能
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These are cells that are committed to become nervous tissue.
这些细胞都已经定向,将成为神经组织
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Well, the mechanism that the cell uses to transmit information along itself, along this process which goes from my brain to my fingers, for example, is through an electrical signal called an action potential.
神经细胞沿突起,将信息从我的大脑传递到,手指的机制是,举例来说,是通过一种称为动作电位的电信号的作用
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The way that they communicate with each other is by physically touching each other, and the way that they connect across distances is by having these process that extend from one place to another.
它们通过物理接触,来交换信息,神经之所以能跨距离传递信息,就是靠细胞间互相延伸的突起
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So one way that neurons, in particular, are able to communicate with other cells in the nervous system, share information, integrate information, decide what to do next is that they are physically connected to other different cells.
所以神经细胞之所以能够,与神经系统中其他细胞通讯,分享信息,整合信息,从而决定下一步该做什么,是由于不同细胞间,是彼此连接在一起的
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The same thing with these cells here, as these cells undergo continual divisions, they're changing in ways that make them mature, that make them more like the mature cells of the nervous system, for example, if that's where they end up being but they're losing potential as they go through that differentiation process.
细胞也是这样,在连续分裂的过程中,它们愈发成熟,比如说,变得越来越像,神经系统细胞,如果它们最终将构成神经系统的话,那它们在分化的过程中,就失去了许多潜能
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So this cell, wherever it's setting, wherever it is positioned within the nervous system let's say in the cortex somewhere or the outside surface of the brain is able to communicate with a region of the brain that's in this direction, a region in this direction, a region in this direction, a region in this direction.
所以这个细胞 无论它在何处,无论它在神经系统中安身何处,就比方说它位于大脑皮层上吧,即位于大脑外表面上的某处,它可以同,这一方向上的脑域进行交流,也可以是这个方向,也可以是这个方向,也可以是这个方向
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