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If you take one of those individual grains of sodium chloride, look at it carefully, you will see the edges look like this.
如果你拿起,氯化钠晶体的一粒，仔细观察，你可以看到这样的棱角。
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So this validates de Broglie and it also validates the whole concept of wave-particle duality.
这就证实了德布罗意的观点,也证实了,波粒二象性的原理。
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Or you could ask the question, I have this restriction enzyme, at what regions on this plasmid will it cut?
你也可以这样问,我的这种限制性内切酶,会从质粒的哪个区域切开呢
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Now, they're offered--You take the red one away and now they're offered a choice between the two remaining ones.
现在把红色那粒拿走,在剩下的两粒中选一粒。
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Then he had a machine that granted each pigeon one piece of corn every fifteen seconds; that's very, frustratingly slow for a hungry pigeon to get one piece every fifteen seconds.
他们设计了一个能保证,每隔15秒给鸽子喂一玉米粒的装置,对饥饿的鸽子来说是杯水车薪,每15秒才只有一粒玉米
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I apply ligase, and I've got the plasmid that I had before but now with my gene, colored green here,inserted.
我用连接酶,就能在质粒中把基因,这里绿色的部分,插进去
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Well, I talked about the problem of using plasmids in gene therapy, that it's very difficult to get them into cells.
我们之前讨论过,基因治疗中运用质粒的问题,质粒本身极难进入细胞
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It might be a plasmid that contains a promoter that works in lung cells and that has the cystic fibrosis gene.
这个质粒带有,可以在肺细胞表达的启动子和正常基因
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So what you get on the plate is many copies of the small number of plasmids that you've put in.
我们只要放入少量质粒,就能在培养基上得到大量的复制品
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And the claim is that when you choose this, in order to justify your decision, you denigrate the one you didn't choose.
对这个行为的解释是，当你选这一粒时，为了表明你的选择是正确的，你会贬低第一次没选上的那粒。
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The sources are: one,the plasmid vector that we've picked, and the second is these genes that for some reason we're interested in.
第一个是我们选择的质粒载体,第二个是我们感兴趣的基因
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It's very water soluble and it's a big molecule, a very big molecule; it can't naturally get inside cells on its own.
它是一个水溶性极强的大分子,非常非常大的分子,质粒在自然状态下并不能自己进入细胞
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Hopefully each one of those cells is containing one or more of the plasmids that you're interested in and those are being copied as well.
如果顺利的话每个细菌里都含有,一个或更多我们所感兴趣的质粒,而它们也正在被复制
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And so this one you didn't choose is then tainted and you turn and then when compared to a third one you favor that third one.
你第一次没选上的那粒就被打上污点了,当拿它和第三粒相比较时,你就会偏向于第三粒。
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It's a gene that's on the plasmid, and this particular gene confers a specific biological property to cells that have the plasmid and can use it properly.
它是质粒自带的基因,如果细胞能够获得这种质粒,并正确的利用它的话,这段基因就能赋予该细胞某种生物学特性
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It turns out, to a tremendous degree, and you could imagine yourself in that situation, they choose this one, the one that wasn't the one they turned down.
结果发现，非常大的程度上，你们也可以想象实验对象是你自己，他们选了这一粒，不是他们第一次没选的那粒。
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One of the properties that you would like a plasmid to have is you'd like for cells to be able to replicate it, to make more copies of it.
所以你所希望质粒具备的一个属性,就是得能让细胞复制它,制造出更多的拷贝
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In this particular example here we're exposing these plasmids to bacterial cells.
我举一个特别的例子,我们把这些质粒暴露给细菌
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A plasmid is a highly tuned machine for making copies of itself.
质粒是一个高度调谐的自我复制的机器
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if you do that under the situation where you've put your plasmid into these micro-organisms then you're going to have little colonies that grow many copies of the bacterial cells.
如果你在质粒已经进入了微生物,的情况下培养它们,你就会得到许多小菌落,里面长有很多增殖出来的细菌
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You take that plasmid; you put in the micro-organism you're going to make many,many copies of that plasmid.
你把一个质粒放进微生物体内,你就会得到,很多很多质粒的拷贝
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Now to start with, the plasmid is usually shown in a diagram like this as a circle.
首先要说的是,质粒通常用图中这个环形来表示
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If this reforms, so the plasmid reforms back to its native state, that resistance will be recovered.
如果它自己合上了,质粒就会回到原本的状态,抗性就会恢复
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If your gene goes in, you've interrupted the gene for antibiotic resistance and those new organisms aren't going to be resistant to antibiotic anymore.
如果基因进入了质粒,原本对抗生素有抗性的基因就被打断了,那些新细菌就不再对抗生素有抗性
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This is the slide that I left on last time and the idea here was to use plasmids, which I talked about last Thursday, to introduce genes into animals.
这是我上节课没讲完的一张幻灯片,这里的思路是利用,上周四所讲过的质粒,以将基因导入动物体内
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So if you have plasmid where you know all the base pairings than you could go through that plasmid and say I want to cut it right here.
如果你已经知道某个质粒上的所有序列,你就可以决定从哪里切开质粒
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This particular example of a plasmid has several regions.
这个特定的质粒样本有数个区域
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Here, the plasmid is directly injected into a cell.
这里用的方法是,直接将质粒注入细胞
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Or I have once been to a party and I found my shirt was misaligned, seriously misaligned, not one button but--Anyway, so--and so I feel when this happens I'm very immature.
或者有一次我去参加聚会,我发现我的衬衫扣错了，扣得很错，不只是扣错一粒纽扣，发生这种事时，我觉得太没面子了。
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One way that you can look for that gene that you want is by making the cut in your plasmid inside of a gene that encodes for some property like resistance to an antibiotic.
一种找到成功重组质粒的方式,是在质粒控制某种特性的编码区域切割,例如,对抗生素的抗性
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