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Well, this view, this evolutionary view, or evolutionary model, was challenged by man a named Yehezkel Kaufmann in the 1930's.
这个改进了的观点，或者说改进了的模型，在20世纪30年代受到了来自考夫曼的质疑。
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But it is interesting. Let's just, for an order of magnitude say what happens for ground state electron in atomic hydrogen?
但行星模型其实挺有趣的，按照重要的先后顺序，我们来猜想一下,氢原子中的基态电子会发生些什么？
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And there are a lot of questions that people are asking in using the Star Festival as a model.
人们在用“七夕“这一模型的时候,问着许多的问题。
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So you might ask well, why are we using this model if it clearly doesn't take into account quantum mechanics?
那么大家可能会问为什么我们要用这个,显然没有考虑量子力学的模型呢？
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So let's take our one model that we keep going back to Equation of state, and just see how it works.
我们回到经常使用的理想气体模型,或者说状态方程。
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The evolutionary model is, I think, responding to, and picking up on, the fact that in many respects, Yahweh resembles the gods of Israel's neighbors.
进化模型，我认为，回应了或者说挑选了这个事实，在很多方面，耶和华与以色列邻国的神灵相似。
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In particular, we're going to look at a particular version of this that we're going to call the linear city model.
我们来从一个特殊的角度看一下,我们称之为线性城市模型
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If you accept my estimates and you accept the capital asset pricing model, that would have to be true.
如果你同意我的估算,而且认同资本资本资产定价模型，那这种投资组合就会带来最大收益。
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Here,the first level: do we focus on weaknesses, which is the disease model,say let's get rid of weaknesses?
第一个层次：,我们是否重视缺点，也就是疾病模型所说的我们要摆脱的缺点？
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This will be very important because Christians started out as house churches, and their house churches fit sometimes the model of a Greek ekklesia, an assembly, but sometimes the model of the Roman household.
说它重要是因为,基督教一开始时是家庭教会的形式，这种家庭教会有时符合希腊集会的模型，一种集会，但有时符合罗马家户的模型。
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Now we need to think about a model of the stock market And the model we're going to use is based on what's called the Efficient Market Hypothesis.
现在需要想一想一个股市的模型是怎样的,我们要用的模型是,基于有效率市场假说的。
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You put a child on one side of the mountains and you ask him to draw it, and a four- or five-year-old can do it easily, but then you ask him to draw it as it would appear from the other side and children find this extraordinarily difficult.
你让孩子在模型的一边,要求他把自己看到的三山模型画出来,四五岁的儿童便能够轻易做到,但是,如果你要求儿童画出,从模型另一边看过去的样子,儿童就会觉得非常困难
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And out of that came the recognition that Thompson's plum pudding model is not sustainable in the light of this evidence.
从中我们得出,汤姆生的枣糕布丁原子模型,是不合理的。
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We ended the day with Bohr's model of the atom, which derived from the conceptualization of Rutherford.
那天课的结尾我们讲了从卢瑟福的概念中，衍生出来的波尔的原子模型。
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And what I am going to do today is go in some detail through the Bohr model, so let's do that.
今天我想具体介绍一下波尔的原子模型,那我们现在就开始吧。
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It was a classical model, right, so we could say the electron is exactly this far away from the nucleus.
这是个经典模型，对吧，我们说电子离,原子核就是这么远。
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So there are two other models, then, models different from the immigration model, two other models for understanding the formation of Israel, that build on this archaeological evidence.
那么还有两个其他的模型，与移民模型不同的两个模型，这两个模型也是为了说明以色列的形成，它们是依据考古学证据。
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This model is going to look a lot like the models we looked at already a few weeks ago.
这个模型很像,我们几周前见过的模型
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The whole idea of Star Festival is that it's a model by which you tell your own story.
整个“七夕“项目的理念就是它是一个模型,通过它你来讲述自己的故事。
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Or, if we know the equation of state from a model, ideal gas, van der Waal's gas, whatever, u now we can determine u.
或者如果我们知道模型的状态方程,比如理想气体，范德瓦尔斯气体，无论什么，我们就可以利用状态方程得到内能。
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There has to be the mathematical model, which I just presented, but it may be more complicated.
还必须有我之前讲的数学模型,但实际模型可能更复杂
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Health model versus the disease model that goes directly to deal with the disease.
健康模型与疾病模型不同,疾病模型提倡直接处理疾病的。
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What I am going to do is use these postulates and go through the basis for the Bohr model.
接下来我要利用这个假设,检查波尔模型的根据。
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So, Marsden came up with the model, and as you go through 8.02 and you understand electrostatics and electrodynamics, you'll be able to do this analysis.
后来马斯登提出了这个模型，就像你们通过8。02的考试一样2,你们学过了静电学和电动力学，你也能做这些分析。
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If de Broglie is correct, we could then model the electron in its orbit not moving as a particle, but let's model it as a wave.
如果德布罗意是对的，那么我们可以在电子轨道中建立电子模型,不是像粒子一样运动，而是像波一样运动。
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We're making a lot of very strong assumptions here, but nevertheless, it's going to be instructive to look at this model.
我们做了很多强制性的假设,但无论怎样,这个模型对我们仍然具有指导意义
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However, as you know, we didn't stop at the plum pudding model, which is good, because it's a little goofy, so it's nice to move on from that and move on we did.
我们并没有,停留在李子布丁模型上，虽然它很好,但这个模型有点傻。
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So, they thought about this, and they said, you know, this cannot make sense from the standpoint of the plum pudding model.
他们考虑到这一点，他们说，这是不可能的,如果从布丁模型来考虑的话。
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What it looks like up here, the simple Cartesian model of it is these things smear this way.
它看起来像什么，它的简单的笛卡尔模型,就是这样重叠的。
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So there's lots of things when we look at this model there's lots of things that are missing.
已经有很多因素了,当我们再仔细分析这个模型时,我们发选之前的分析漏掉了很多因素
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