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Well, this view, this evolutionary view, or evolutionary model, was challenged by man a named Yehezkel Kaufmann in the 1930's.
这个改进了的观点，或者说改进了的模型，在20世纪30年代受到了来自考夫曼的质疑。
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and then use the proceeds, use the profits that you make from selling the product to make the product better.
然后用得到的钱，用销售产品的收入和利润来改进产品。
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What I'm going to ask you to do Andrew Low is to help me develop ways to improve the Andrew Low course.
你们的任务就是,探索改进,课程的新方法。
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Most scientists believe that its better, a better process, less affected by conflicts of interest, but still affected by politics.
大部分学者认为这是一个改进,不过虽然利益冲突的影响有所减少,却仍不免受到政治因素的影响
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Of course, the problems are not damning; they're problems that reflect the progress yet needed to be made in insurance.
当然,这些问题并不是非常糟糕的,这些问题反映了,保险行业中还有待改进之处
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So there already are some approaches like this that are working, but there's more that needs to be done.
现在我们已经有相关的治疗方法,但还有很多地方需要改进
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in a positive world bettering sort of way, or is that merely sort of nonsense to think about?
能够积极地改进这个世界，还是说他们的研究都是空洞的东西呢？
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All right, so let's take a look at one last thing here, one last version of progress.
好的，让我们看一下这里最后一个东西，有改进的最后一个版本。
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And that for centuries thereafter, different rhapsodes repeated it but elucidated it, illuminated it, extended it, changed it, tried to improve it, sometimes they added stuff.
在这之后的几个世纪里,不同的史诗吟诵者重复着,讲解着,阐释着 拓展着,变化着,尝试改进着,有时还添油加醋
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And then you probably saw, when you were in our factory, we have this business process improvement, which is where anyone inside the company can get involved in improving something that they see that could be done better.
你可能已经看见了，在我们的工厂，我不断完善业务流程，所有公司员工,都参与其中,改进他们认为,能变得更好的方面。
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But look at the end of the passage that I've just read, a few lines down. The doctrine that the Lady wishes to advance suddenly seems so absolutely not to be a doctrine of married chastity.
但是看一下我刚刚读到的文章结尾，下面的几行，女士希望改进的交教义,突然看上去那么绝对，不再是婚姻贞节的教义。
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We believe that there is a lot more progress that can be made.
我们相信，要改进的地方还有很多。
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How can we create a situation that improves us with the role.
如何创造一个利用角色自我改进的情境。
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What kind of things do you want to fix or improve if you become a lawyer?
要是成为了一名律师，你最想改进哪些方面？
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Well,it wants to rationalize the administration of France-- it wants to do other things,too, but that's not this course.
它想对法国行政机构设置进行合理化改进,当然了,革命还有其它的目的,这节课我们先不谈
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Development of an artificial heart, again another example of Biomedical Engineering, is something that people have been trying to accomplish for decades now, and this is the closest that we've come and there are many advantages of this particular artificial heart.
人造心脏技术的发展,是生物医学工程的另一个例子,科学家们,试图在这二十年中去改进它,而这是最接近成功的一个实例,这枚人造心脏有很多优点
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We copy the good ideas and in the process we adjust them and make them a little bit better.
我们不断效仿好的理论,并在实践中不断调整它们,将它们改进的更好。
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That's part of public finance--is learning how to modify the tax system so that it works pretty well.
公共财政学的一个课题就是,研究如何改进税收制度，使其更有效。
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Now again we're not-- the purpose of this class isn't to have you improve your diet, if that happens that's fine, but that's not the purpose of the class.
现在再次重申,本门课的目的不是改进你的饮食,如果你的饮食因此改善,那很好,但是这不是本门课的目的
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I don't know these things personally, but it's my understanding that the whole structure is suffering some moral hazard problems and that they're evolving and trying to improve the institutions.
我没有亲身考察过，但我的理解是,这整个体系遭遇着道德风险的挑战,并且人们不断改进,尝试着改善机制。
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It's because they're changing enforcement of the taxes and changing amounts of loopholes, so most countries have a tax rate of about a third, but corporations are paying less than a third of their profits to taxes.
是因为政府改变了征税的强制措施,并改进了征税中存在的漏洞,因此大多数国家的税率都在三分之一左右,但是公司实际支付的税额都少于,他们利润的三分之一
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You can imagine that there are many requirements that a device like this has to meet in order for it to be a good artificial hip and we'll talk about those and how the design of these has changed over the years and what we can expect in the future.
你可以想象,这种装置对技术要求极高,这样它才能成为,一个好的人工髋关节,我们会讲到这些,以及这些年来这项技术的设计有哪些改进,在未来会有怎样的创新
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But I think they also realized they could do a better job, and it has that in its strategic vision moving forward.
但我想他们也意识到还有改进的空间，因此将不断发展纳入到他们的长期战略中。
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Two will mean it's good but you could have done a little better, and one would mean you need to shape it up.
二分意味着你做的不错但是还可以更好些,一分则代表你需要对它做些改进
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He says that the Greeks never invented anything, but everything they borrowed they improved upon.
他说希腊实际上从没有发明什么事物,但是对借来的每一种事物都做出了改进
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As it's evolved in modern times, the corporation has a charter or bylaws.
而如今,这些关系得到了改进,公司有了许可证和规章制度
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And this just is another list, I mainly wanted you to have it in your notes of diseases that are important around the world, for which there are very active programs to develop either vaccines or more effective vaccines.
这是另一个表,我希望你们做笔记时把它加到,世界上这些严重的传染疾病上,因为现在有一些项目致力于开发,针对这些疾病的疫苗或者改进式疫苗
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One that was developed a number of years ago but has been perfected and refined in recent years with very, very good research.
该概念很多年前就已经提出了,但在近年通过高水平的研究才被改进完善
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- I mean that-- what began as, ah we'll do this this weekend turned out to be like a 100-hour project to revamp this whole thing.
我是说，这周末我们要做的是,改进整个工程，但这可能需要花100个小时。
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They have been working on improving their methods and they're trying to create divisions within their organizations that prevent the moral hazard from happening.
他们已经对技术进行改进,并且他们正尝试,在机构中划分部门,以便防范道德风险的发生
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