It turns out that sign and--the developmental milestones of sign languages and the developmental milestones of spoken languages are precisely the same.
手语的发展阶段,和口语语言的发展阶段是完全相同的
It could have been just as reasonable to expect that there'd be an advantage for speech over sign.
有理由相信,口语比手语更加优越
There seems to be no interesting difference between how the brain comes to acquire and use the spoken language versus a sign language.
似乎大脑在如何获得和使用口语语言,与如何获得和使用手语之间,不存在任何的差别
I'm going to put aside for the moment the question of sign languages and how they work.
我想暂时把手语,及其如何作用的问题先放到一边
It's not a full-blown language like american sign-language or langue des signes quebecoise but it's a language nonetheless, with words and syntax and phonology.
这种语言并不像美国手语,或加拿大魁北克手语那样成熟,尽管如此,这种语言依然拥有词,语法和语音
There's a wonderful case in Nicaragua in sign language where they acquire sign language from adults who themselves are not versed in sign language.
研究者在尼加拉瓜曾做过,一个精彩的手语个案研究,儿童们从本身并不熟悉手语的成年人那里,习得手语
There are stories of deaf people who are within certain societies where nobody signs to them, and so they're what's known as linguistic isolates.
还有些关于生活在并无手语的,特定社会下聋人的故事,这种情况就是所谓的语言隔离
That sign languages may be full-blown languages but they just take--they're just harder to learn because the brain and the body have adapted for speech.
手语或许是成熟的语言,但它们更难学,因为大脑和身体已经适应了口语
It could sound strange or look unusual in the case of a sign language.
比如说手语看上去会很奇怪或是异常
And more recently, there's been case studies of children who acquire sign language.
而近期更有些关于儿童学习手语的,个案研究
So, Susan Goldin-Meadow has studied deaf children that nobody signed to but what she studies is deaf children with deaf siblings and these children don't just sit there.
苏珊·葛丁麦道研究了,并无手语环境的失聪儿童,但她的研究发现,拥有失聪兄妹的失聪儿童,他们并不会傻坐在那
So, what I want to do is, I want to discuss the scientific notion of language, at first restricting myself to systems like English and Dutch and American sign language and Navajo and so on.
因此,我想做的是,我想来谈谈语言的科学定义,首先我会将自己限定在,诸如英语,荷兰语,美国手语,或迪瓦霍语等语言系统之下
You could use a sign language thing for "Drink" that looks sort of like the act of drinking but you can't use a sign language word for "Country" that looks like a country, or for "Idea" that looks like an idea.
你可以用看起来像喝这个动作的手语,来表示"喝",但你无法用看起来像国家的手语,来表示"国家",或用看起来像想法的手语来表示"想法"
One of the real surprising findings in my field over the last ten/twenty years has been that the acquisition of sign languages has turned out to be almost exactly the same; in fact, as far as we know, exactly the same as the acquisition of spoken languages.
过去的十到二十年间,在我的研究领域里最令人吃惊的发现之一就是,各种手语的获得过程,被证明几乎是完全相同的,实际上据我所知,和口语语言的获得过程是完全相同的
And I want to stop at this point to go back to the issue -I promised you I would turn a bit to sign language and I want to describe now a very elegant --I want to show a little film now of a very elegant series of experiments looking at the question of whether babies who are exposed to a sign language, babble.
我想在这里停一下,回到之前的一个问题上,我说过我会稍微讲一下手语,我现在想要播放一小段电影,展示一系列精彩的实验,这些实验探究了暴露在手语环境中的婴儿,是否会进行咿呀学语的问题
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