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Let's imagine maybe instead we just immediately dropped the pressure let the system expand against the lower pressure.
现在假设,我们很快地降低压力,让系统在低的外压力下膨胀。
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Because I think our education system, pre-college is generally not great in sort of the world scale.
因为我觉得我们的教育系统，大学之前的教育在世界范围内并不是最好的。
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These are physical knobs that are available us as experimentalists. And so when we turn these knobs on our system, we want to know how the enthalpy is changing for that system.
这些都是我们做实验可,以得到的物理变量,所以当我们在系统中,改变这些量的时候。
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Then we realize once again that we can only know what it is if we come to understand--in this case, probably, it's best to say a cultural system, understood as a semiosis, within which it appears.
这样我们就又明白了,只有在一个特定的文化系统中,我们才能认识一个符号。
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This is a mode of communication that's used very frequently in the immune system as we'll see later.
这种通讯方式,在免疫系统中广泛使用,我们下面会讲
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For instance, when we deal with one another in a legal and a moral setting, we think in terms of free will and responsibility.
举个例子,当我们在一套法律和道德系统中,与其他人相处时,我们会从自由意志和责任的角度进行思考
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If a deterministic system could nonetheless have free will, we could still be purely physical systems.
如果一个决定论系统能在此情况下,仍然拥有自由意志,我们仍可能只是纯粹的物理系统
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How do we put electrons into such a system?
在这样一个系统里我们怎样放置电子呢？
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We're not going to do that in a Robin Hood way, but in finance we're going to do that in a systematic way through risk management.
我们不能像罗宾汉那样来达到那样的目的,但在金融领域,我们将通过,系统的风险管理来实现
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> What exactly is the difference with this system that we have here of compiling and say another compiler for one like the C++?
>在这个系统上编译,跟在我们这编译有什么不同吗？,也就是说，有没有其他的编译器供C++等语言使用？
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If we say we have a system, and it's in its surroundings.
如果我们有一个系统，它在环境中。
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This is a bacterium that's normally present in humans; it colonizes all of our intestinal systems.
这种细菌在人体中很常见,栖居在我们所有人的肠道系统中
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I mean maybe up the street we whisper, but here we know it. And, so here is a different kind of system where we have a constant external pressure.
或许在街上你们低声细语，但在这里不应该这样，这是另一个系统,我们有一个恒定的外压强。
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We are designing systems, building engineering systems, making materials choices.
我们在设计系统，构建工程的系统，提供更多的材料。
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Our immune system's function is to keep us healthy in the face of an environment where there are lots of things that could potentially harm us.
我们免疫系统的功能就是保持自身健康,在面对危机四伏的环境时,使我们免受伤害
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Even if quantum mechanics was wrong and somehow, you know, at the macro level all the indeterminism boils out-- whatever-- and at the macro level we are deterministic systems, so what?
即便量子力学是错的,而且不知怎的,在宏观水平上,所有的非决定性都蒸发了,不管发生了什么,在宏观水平上我们都成了决定论的系统,那又如何
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w we have the environment doing work on the system OK, now we've assumed that epsilon prime is greater than epsilon.
大于零，that，is，in，this，one,在这里环境对系统做功,好，现在我们假设,ε’比ε大。
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And so, you know from your Newtonian mechanics, as you were learning in 8.01, the dynamic force here mv^2/r is mv squared over r.
在8。01节对牛顿动力学系统的学习中，我们可以知道这里的运动受力,就是。
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So these organisms like this are abundant in the world around us and our immune system prevents us from getting sick most of the time.
在我们周围充斥着像这样的生物体,而免疫系统在大多数时候能够抵御疾病
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Instead of trying to pursue those alternative theories in a systematic fashion, let me just gesture toward some of the things that seem to be missing from that kind of life.
我们不去系统地研究,那些理论，在此我要例举一些,那种生活似乎所缺少的东西。
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When I'm talking about language I'm meaning systems like English and Dutch and Warlpiri and Italian and Turkish and Urdu and what we've seen and heard right now in class in the demonstration that preceded the formal lecture.
当我谈到语言时,我指的是诸如英语,荷兰语,沃皮利语,意大利语,土耳其语,乌尔都语这样的语言系统,以及我们在正式上课之前的课堂演示中,所看到和听到的语言系统
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Convention, OK, this negative sign is just a pure convention. You just got to use it all the time. If you use an old textbook, written when I was taking thermodynamics, they have the opposite convention, and it's very confusing. But now we've all agreed on this convention, and work is going to be with the negative sign here.
系统对外界做功的符号为负,这就是我们,在本课中的规定，纯粹出于统一符号的需要，有些教科书中，可能会使用相反的符号规定,注意不要混淆了，这门课上,我们将一直使用。
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We'll come back to this in our example in the cardiovascular system when we're talking about the heart and we'll talk about how to measure the collective group of action potentials using EKG's.
这个我们回头再谈,等到我们在心血管系统的例子中,说到心脏时再说,我们会谈到如何通过,心电图测量群体动作电位
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Let's take a system. Under constant pressure T1 V1, going to a second -- this is the system, so let me write the system here.
我们建立一个系统1,在恒定的压强T1，V1，下，变成了另一个系统，-这个初始的系统让我把它写在这。
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- And, in fact, let's see -- -- don't do this at home or on our systems -- but let me go ahead and do nano don't do this dot C. Let's go int main ahead and do int main void.
然后，实际上，让我们看看-,不要在家里或者在我们的系统上这样做-,但是让我们继续处理nano，dontdothis，c文件,让我们继续。
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Because eventually they will tell us maybe things about how heat is changing further on.
我们需要知道焓在系统中怎样变化,因为最终它们或许会告诉我们。
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We know in an adiabatic expansion the system's going to cool.
我们知道在绝热膨胀过程中,系统温度会降低。
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And it's more dramatic if the system is a gas p T2 V2 p, T2, V2, And let's look at what happens to U these functions of state, to H to u under this transformation.
如果是气体这个系统,就更具有趣了,让我们看看H和，在这个变化中态函数会发生什么变化。
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