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Has only half of the diploid chromosomal content that most of the cells, which are called somatic cells in our body have.
卵子中只含有我们机体一半的染色体,二倍体基因组中一半的染色体,这些二倍体细胞称为体细胞
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They integrate their DNA into the host genome and you might not want to make that kind of a change in the cell.
而且也许你也并不想让逆转录病毒基因,整合进宿主的基因组
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You've heard about the human genome project, we'll talk about that a little bit later.
你们一定听说过人类基因组计划,之后我们会讨论一些有关这个计划的内容
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The proteins that are produced by genes that are on the viral genome get transcribed and translated in order to make more structural proteins that are needed for assembly of the virus.
由病毒基因组上的基因,通过转录和转译制造出来的蛋白质,以便可以制造出更多的,被病毒组合所需的结构蛋白
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Because they've made many copies of their genome and they've made all the proteins that are necessary to - for assembly of a new virus, then this cell can make many new viruses.
因为病毒制造了大量病毒基因组的拷贝,和所有,新病毒组装所需的蛋白质,所以这个细胞就有能力制造大量新的病毒
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Out of all the genes that are on the human genome which fraction is this particular cell using, which fraction is it expressing determines what proteins are present in the cell, determines what work or what activities the cell can engage in.
人类基因组全部基因中的,特定细胞所表达的基因片段,细胞表达的是哪段基因,决定了细胞中存在什么样的蛋白,决定了细胞会有什么样的功能,或者参与何种生命活动
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Now DNA that's produced this way is not called genomic DNA because this doesn't match the DNA in your genome, on your chromosomes,right?
现在造出来的这个DNA,不叫基因组DNA,因为这跟你基因组里的DNA不一样,跟你染色体上的基因不一样,对吧
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They're not whole genomes, but they're some small piece of DNA maybe the size of a protein.
不是整个基因组,而是小的DNA片段,但也许与蛋白质分子一样大
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If I cut up just DNA from the chromosome, what's called genomic DNA, then I'm going to have both exons and introns within the fragments that I create.
如果我切割的恰好是染色体上的,基因组DNA,那我切成的片段上,就会同时有外显子和内含子
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Well I talked about it - earlier I've mentioned several times all the cells in my body, all the cells in your body have essentially the same genomic chromosomal DNA in their nucleus.
我之前有说过,我不只一次提到过,我体内的所有细胞,和你体内的所有细胞一样,核中的染色体基因组DNA本质上都相同
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Because HIV is an RNA virus and if it enters your cell the only way it can replicate, it can put its DNA into your cells, is by first making DNA out of its RNA genome.
因为HIV是RNA病毒,如果它进入你的细胞,它复制自己的唯一方式,它能把自己的DNA转入你的细胞,方法是先用自己的,RNA基因组制造出DNA
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It's an example of a technology called a gene chip that allows you to, on each one of these spots there is DNA for example, that's specific for a particular gene in your genome, in the human genome for example.
这是一种叫做,基因芯片的技术,其上每个点可能代表着一种DNA,它是你基因组中一个特定的基因,亦或是人类基因组中的一个基因
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In this case, if everything goes right, you inject the DNA into the pronucleus, you implant this fertilized egg into a foster mother, the mother gives birth to offspring, it develops and when it develops this foreign DNA is in the offspring.
如此一来,如果一切顺利,DNA成功注射进原核,受精卵成功植入代孕母亲,成功的孕育了后代,后代健健康康的长大,目的基因就成功的整合进了后代的基因组
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The goal of that was to take for a typical human, or for a typical - in the case of the human genome project maybe you're looking at fruit flies, you want to look at all the DNA in a fruit fly, but to look at the sequence of base pairs that makes up human DNA and write them all out; we'll talk about that later.
这个计划的目的是,建立一个有代表性人类的基因顺序,或者说是典型的人类基因组,就人类基因组计划来说,或许你在研究果蝇,你想观察果蝇内的所有DNA,而人类基因组计划是观察组成人类的,DNA的碱基对顺序并且将它们记录下来,我们不久之后会讨论这些内容
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