Hess' Law states that for any chemical reaction, the energy change is path independent.

盖斯定律表明，对于任意化学反应，能量变化并非是路径依赖的。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

You have a diversity in the chemical changes that occur as a result of any of those connections.

又有多样化的化学变化,这是那些物理连接的产物

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

When it does it makes biochemical changes inside the cells and one of the things it does is increase glucose uptake into certain kinds of cells, particularly fat cells and muscle cells.

这导致细胞内部发生生物化学变化,其中的一个变化是,某些细胞开始增加对糖分的摄取,尤其是脂肪细胞和肌细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So the access that a cell has to certain kinds of genes, or chemical modifications of DNA, not chemical modifications that change the base pairs, that would be a mutation.

因此细胞变化的途径应该是对某些基因,或者DNA进行化学修饰,不是更改碱基对,更改碱基对就是突变了

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选