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One is if you have to coordinate how you're going to give this vaccine to two million children across the U.S.
首先必须协调合作,如何才能将疫苗,分发给全美国二百万孩子
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And kind of student groups gather there to like, hand out flyers and stuffs.
有一些学生组织聚在这里，分发传单之类的。
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The earnings, you understand, are kind of a theoretical concept but dividend is the money that we send out.
你们都知道,收益是个理论概念,但股利是我们分发出去的钱
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Pretty quickly,though,different churches, probably Paul's churches,initially, started sending around copies of Paul's letters.
很快，不同的教会，最先可能是保罗的教会，开始分发保罗书信的副本。
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You have to test it by giving the vaccine to a large population of people, and then watching and seeing if you've reduced the incidence of the disease.
这样的测试的做法只能是,给大量人群分发疫苗,接着观察和了解,这种疾病的发病率是否有所降低
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that can be distributed to people in maybe Third World countries or
然后分发给第三世界国家的人，
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You try to design actually I'm going to come back to that in a second. It's like you're trying to use a hash function that spread things out pretty evenly. But the places you store into in those lists may have to themselves have a small list in there, and when you go to check something, you may have to do a linear search through the elements in that list.
你尝试着去设计,实际上过会儿我会回头讲解这个问题,类似于你需要用一个哈希函数,非常平均的将物体分发出去,但是在列表中你数据,映射到的地方可能会有自己的一小段列表，当你回头查找数据的时候,你可能需要在那一小段列表中做线性查找。
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And we were issuing those.
我们分发了那些。
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So, you want to give it to them because the biology of children is different than adults, and so you need to make sure it works in that population.
你希望将疫苗分发给孩子们,因为儿童与成人在生物学上不尽相同,要确保疫苗对儿童有效
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Plus it makes it, as I talked about last time, much easier to think about distributing the vaccine around the world because shots require skilled medical personnel, whereas, an oral vaccine could be self-administered.
而且,这会使得,就像我上次谈到的,这会使得疫苗更容易在世界范围内分发,因为注射需要专业医疗人员,但是,口服疫苗自己就可以服用
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It's--that's a very different process than testing a drug, where if you had a drug for heart disease, you would give it to patients that had heart disease and see if you had an impact.
这与药物的临床试验截然不同,如果对一种治疗心脏病的药进行临床试验,你可以将药分发给,心脏病患者并观察药效
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If you're trying to prevent a disease that only occurs at a rate of 20 per 100,000 people you have to give the vaccine to millions in order to see if the number goes down.
如果你尝试去防治一个,发病概率为十万分之二十人的疾病,那么就必须将疫苗分发给数百万人,以观察疫苗能否降低发病率
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Now,notice that means that some people would say that they use that 367 date,when Bishop Athanasius sent around his Easter letter. And they say that's when the Christian canon of the New Testament was set.
有些人会说,它写于主后367年，即阿萨内修斯主教,分发复活节书信的时候,据说那就是确定基督教新约正典的时间。
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They did this in 1,800 elementary school children, so these are about eight year-olds.
于是科研人员给一千八百名,八岁左右的小学生分发疫苗
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You want to give it to children because it's children that are susceptible, and that's where you would like the vaccine to be useful is in children.
你想把疫苗分发给孩子们,因为他们最易受到感染,同时你也希望,疫苗可以对孩子有效
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What you would like to is everybody in the community exactly the same preparation so that you could predict what everybody's response to the vaccine would be.
最好是把完全一致的制剂,分发给每个人,这样才能预测每个人,对疫苗的反应
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The CDC can buy this from the manufacturer for a lower price, and when you hear about government organizations distributing vaccines to different parts of the world, they're buying at a reduced rate but it's still not inexpensive.
疾控中心可以从工厂拿到较低价格的疫苗,当你听到,政府组织向世界各地,分发派送疫苗时,他们确实给的是折扣价,但却并不那么廉价
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So, that's what a vaccine is, and vaccination is the process of taking that vaccine that you've developed and giving it to people, either individual people or groups of people, or as we'll talk about today, people all over the world.
这就是疫苗,接种疫苗的过程就是生产疫苗,并把它分发给大众,不论是给个人还是给群体,或者就像我们今天所说的,给全世界的人民
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You used to get checks in the mail; now you go on a website and you'll see that your dividends are credited to your account, but money is growing in your account as companies pay out dividends.
你过去习惯于通过挂号信取得支票,现在你登陆网站,就能看到股利自动分发到你的账户,公司支付了股利,帐户中的金额就会增加
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