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OK, elements with low average valence electron energy, and here I'm saying below 11 electron volts, these are good electron donors.
平均价电子能都较低的元素，我是指那些低于11电子伏的，这些是很好的电子给体。
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So one case to think about is what if the other firm, you're Coke, what if Pepsi is pricing below cost?
一种情况是如果另一家公司,假如说你是可口可乐,如果百事可乐定价低于成本怎么办
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So, for companies that could pay you back, but their bonds are trading below par, probably because they have a low coupon.
因此，公司也许可以支付你，但是它们的债券只能以低于票面价值交易，很可能是因为他们的票息很低。
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And although you were a freedman, - which was lower in status than a free person-- - there were some privileges you couldn't have-- your children would be, if they were born after you'd been freed, would be free people, not freed.
虽然奴隶成为了自由人，自由人的社会地位低于自由民-,有一些权利无法享受-,自由人的孩子，如果是出生于奴隶被释放后的，则会成为自由民，而不是自由人。
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Above some temperature is going to be positive, below some temperature is going to be negative.
低于这一温度它是负数，我们一般忽略这些高阶项。
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You see the same thing regardless of which orbital you're looking at.
能量是低于氢原子的,无论你观察哪个轨道都可以看到相同的事情。
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The median age in Afghanistan is under 18.
阿富汗人口的年龄中值低于18岁。
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Sometimes there's a couple of percent that end up worse than that.
有时只有少数人低于那个的。
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There's only one occasion where it helps to go to three dimensions because there are certain things you can do in 3D you cannot do in less than 3D.
只有一种情况下进入三维是有意义的,因为有些事情你能在三维空间内完成,但低于三维就做不到了
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And even they agree income has gone up that remains untaxed, more important becasuse agriculture incomes are not that high and the moral case for taxing people who are not growing as fast as...is not that strong.
即使政府承认农业收入的,增加部分未征税，更重要的是,农业收入并不是很高,正常情况下不该向收入增长速度,低于农业收入增长速度的人群收税。
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So this is the percent error and what you see here is that if the number is below the zero line it means people underestimated the calories, and the bars that go above means people overestimated the calories.
这是百分比误差,你们看,如果数字低于零,这表示人们低估了卡路里,高于零表示人们高估了卡路里
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In fact, he broke the 4 minutes and 10 seconds mark, 4 minutes and 5 seconds mark and he got 4 minutes and 2 seconds and stopped, like everyone else-- could not go below the 4 minutes and 2 seconds.
他突破了四分十秒，四分五秒,跑到四分两秒时停止，像所有人一样-,无法低于四分二秒。
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It's not that critical. -Also... ... well exactly it doesn't affect the... You know the unemployment rate has been lower during this period than in the '70s as we talked about a few minutes ago so... Let me quote to you Pat Buchanan, Ken, alright?
没那么重要，对吧，-再则。,它确实不影响。,要知道，这段时期的失业率,一直低于70年代,这个我们几分钟前曾提到过。,肯，我们先来看看帕特·布坎南怎么说吧？
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You're absolutely right, I don't want to be involved in this market if the other guy is selling below cost.
你完全正确,我不想参与这市场竞争,如果另外一家公司售价低于成本
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It doesn't really matter, as long as I don't price below it, I'm not going to make any money anyway.
这无所谓,只要不是低于边际成本,反正我也没想过盈利
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If the other guy is pricing below costs, you don't want to sell anything, that's the right intuition.
如果另一家公司定价低于成本,你不想卖任何产品,这是正确的经济学直觉
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In particular, they'll be lower here than costs and so you'll make losses on that product.
这种情况下,价格会低于成本,你越生产越赔钱
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We were interested in finding bonds trading below par where we thought there was a chance that companies would not file their financial statements on time.
我们对发现以低于票面价值进行交易的债券很感兴趣,我们认为在没有按时发布它们财务报表的公司,时机有可能发现。
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Maybe the company has a $15 equity price $14.8 and will be short $.15 of the equity, which we'll try and keep all the way down.
也许这个公司有价格为15美元的股票,我们会使其价值持续低于，并且努力保持这种状况。
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But now, so this is where the refrigeration comes in. So if you take a gas, and you're below the inversion temperature and you make it go through this irreversible process, the gas comes out colder from that side than that side.
这就是冰箱的原理,如果在低于转变温度,的情况下我们将气体经过,这个不可逆过程,气体出来的温度将比这边低。
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Let's just make sure we understand this, if the other guy is selling below cost, the only way I can make any sales is to price below his price.
来确认下大家都明白这点,如果另外一家公司定价低于成本,我想卖出产品的唯一方法就是定价比它低
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Pepsi's pricing below cost, what's your best response?
百事可乐定价低于成本,你的最佳对策是什么
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But if you were to defend the hard pass, if you were to defend the mountains, then if he chooses the easy pass, he gets both battalions in and if he chooses the hard pass, he gets no battalions in. So in this case, easy is better.
但是如果你选择防守崎岖之途,即你要低于高山巨岭,而他却选择的是平坦之途,他将兵力全存,而要是选崎岖之途,他将全军覆没,这样来看,选择平坦之途要好些
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For example, for the 2 s, again what you see is that the multi-electron atom, its 2 s orbital is lower in energy than it is for the hydrogen.
举例来说对于2s轨道，在多电子原子，中可以看到,它的2s轨道的能量低于氢原子的。
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Again the 2 p orbitals for the multi-electron atom, lower in energy than for the hydrogen atom.
p轨道能量,多电子原子的，低于氢原子的。
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But we haven't yet addressed why, for example, a 2 s orbital islower in energy than the 2 p orbital, or why, for example, a 3 s orbital is lower in energy than a 3 p, which in turn is lower than a 3 d orbital.
但是我们还没有强调为什么，举个例子一个2s轨道能量低于2p轨道,或者为什么，举例来说它依次低于3d轨道,屏蔽一个3s轨道的能量小于3p轨道。
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All right, so let's go back to electrons configurations now that we have an idea of why the orbitals are listed in the energy that they are listed under, 2p why, for example, the 2 s is lower than the 2 p.
好的我们返回来到电子构型,现在我们有一个思路知道,为什么轨道,以能量列出来，举个例子2s低于。
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In every one of those seventeen categories, the dollar-weighted returns were less than the time-weighted returns.
发现这17种基金中的每一种,货币加权回报率,都是低于时间加权回报率的
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That index is now way below the lowest that it got in the 2001 recession.
这个指数现在正低于,2001年经济衰退时最低的指数。
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The three-month Treasury bill rate is shown there--it was much lower--it was under 3%.
三个月期国债利率,远低于联邦基金利率,在3%以下
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