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This is what Tynjanov says: In formalist historiography, the prime significance of major social factors is not at all discarded.
提尼亚诺夫这样说：,在形式主义者编写历史时，并没有完全忽略主要社会力量的重要性。
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It's in that context that most of the observations we encounter in Russian formalism need to be understood.
我们要从形式角度去理解,俄国的形式主义者。
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And speaking in turn to the arden secularists to say religion should have no part in the White House.
再说到艺术世俗主义者,他们说白宫不应该涉及宗教。
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Previously humans were to be vegetarian: Genesis 1, the portrait was one in which humans and animals did not compete for food, or consume one another.
在《创世纪》1中，早期的人类是素食主义者，描绘了一幅人类和动物,不用争夺食物，不用互相残杀的景象。
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They weren't all socialists; as I said, some were anarchists, some were moderate republicans, but they were who were left.
就像我说的,他们并非都是社会主义者,有些是无政府主义者,有些是温和派共和党,他们都是留守的人员
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That puzzle aside, it seems to me that once we become physicalists, there's nothing especially deep or mysterious about death.
除了这个谜团，在我看来似乎在成为物理主义者之后，死亡并没有什么深刻和神秘的了。
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Now, underlying the libertarian's case for the minimal state is a worry about coercion, but what's wrong with coercion?
在自由主义者的“小政府“概念中,隐含着对强迫的担忧，强迫有什么问题呢？
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Premise 2: To be a practical idealist, the foundation of it has to be the belief that change is possible.
第二前提：,作为一个实际的理想主义者，它的基础必须是,相信改变是可能的。
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This is...isn't this an example of kind of thing that... ? a socialist would refer to as market failure?
莫非这正好验证了。,社会主义者关于资本主义市场失效的理论？
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Frost is a kind of materialist, by which I mean he calls attention to the circumstances of imagination, its limits and conditions.
弗罗斯特是个唯物主义者，这样说的原因是他引起了人们对,想象的环境的注意，它的限制和条件。
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He called the North a, quote, "Happy state of mediocrity, a hardy race of free, independent republicans."
他说北方是,"快乐的平庸之地,这里住着一群自由独立的共和主义者"
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And from a behaviorist point of view this is because of the associative history of these things.
在行为主义者看来,这是在这些事物之间的联结历史造成的。
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It's not uninteresting, I think, to note that there appears to be absolutely no evidence whatsoever available to John Milton that Homer was either vegetarian or a lifelong celibate.
我认为这很有趣，似乎没有什么证据证明,弥尔顿可以获知,荷马要么是素食主义者或者是独身。
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This is not a wasteland of thought by any means, and the Russian formalists are an important part of what's going on.
俄国并不是一座思想的废都，形式主义者是思想界很重要的一个部分。
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In other words, of course the academicians and the Symbolists were obsessed with imagery, but that's not to say that a Russian formalist can't deal with imagery.
也就是说，我们知道形式主义者们对图像非常着迷，但是这不代表俄国的形式主义者们不能善用图像。
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Is there some feature that the physicalist can't explain and so we need to appeal to something extra-physical to explain it?
是否存在物理主义者不能解释的这种特性,使得我们不得不诉诸于,某些超物理的东西来解释
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It also makes the anti-nationalist, the English or pro-English or unionist, case.
它也为反民族主义者说了话，即那些支持联合统治的人。
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So raise your hand if you are among the libertarians who's prepared to stand up for the theory and respond to the objections.
如果你是自由主义者，准备好站出来捍卫它,回应那些质疑,请举手。
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They are, therefore, going to have an extremely different point of view from at least Abolitionists in the North on this concept of equality.
关于平等的概念,他们还持有一种,非常极端的相反的观点,至少来自北方的废奴主义者是这么认为的
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But in the abnormal case,the personality theorist needs to say, or so it seems to me,the two deaths come apart.
但在特殊情况下，人格主义者要说，这两者的死亡是分开的。
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That is, I think, essentially the difference between what we have been talking about so far, even though there have been a variety of outlooks, and what we are talking about now.
我想这就是形式主义者,和伊瑟尔的不同了，尽管大家对于我们这堂课有很多展望，对于我们现在的学习也有很多期待。
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We use the adjective "Newtonian" but we don't speak of certain writers who are still interested in quantum mechanics as "Newtonian writers."
虽然我们用牛顿主义者这个词“,但是我们不会把那些,对量子力学有兴趣的人称作牛顿主义作家“
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It becomes, at certain moments in the evolution of forms according to the Russian formalists, the dominant.
根据俄国形式主义者们的说法,它只是在进化中变成了支配而已。
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That seems like a bad joke,but if the body theory is right, it's not a joke at all.
又是一个冷笑话，但如果肉体主义者是对的，这就不是开玩笑了。
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The formalists are uniquely concerned, however, with the way in which literature is put together.
形式主义者特别关注，文本是怎么被组合的。
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So they are still engaged in the hermeneutic enterprise in interpretation The formalists are really relatively indifferent to questions of meaning and to questions of interpretation.
所以，他们感兴趣的仍然是解释学,但是形式主义者对,阐释和含义不感兴趣。
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And in between the optimists on the one hand and the pessimists on the other, you've got moderates who say, " "It varies.
而在乐观主义者,与悲观主义者之间，还有折中主义者认为，“这要看情况。
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Other brave libertarians who are prepared to take on Yes, what's your name? - Julia Rotto.
还有没勇敢的自由主义者，准备应战,好，你叫什么名字，-朱莉娅·罗特。
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Redistribution is a - if you think about it, says the libertarian is a kind of coercion.
仔细想想，再分配这个概念，按自由主义者的话来说，就是强迫。
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