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There have been fundamental changes through time that make the role of the central bank evolve and change through time.
试图保持系统的稳定,随着时间的发展，基本的改变发生,使得中央银行的角色演变。
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Instead of having a central bank we decided that there would be a list of banks called the National Banks.
与拥有一个中央银行不同的是,我们决定将很多银行归到,国家银行的行列中。
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And,so,the departments,along with the railroads and along with better roads also,and the banking network, increases the centralization of the French State.
各省由铁路相连,当然也有公路和银行系统,以加强法国的中央集权
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So central banks around the world began to manage became managers of inflation rather than defenders of a gold standard.
所以，世界各地的中央银行,开始管理，成为了通货膨胀的管理者,而不是金本位制度的守卫者。
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I think maybe the concluding lesson the central banks were institutions that emerged out of experience with bankers.
新工具的迅速扩散,我认为也许结论就是,中央银行是银行主。
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That's why we need independence of the central bank; we want to have a central banker that can say no to the government.
这就是为什么我们需要独立自主的,中央银行；,我们希望有一个可以对政府说不得,中央银行家。
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The government can't kick the central head- head of the central bank out for failing to offer them loans when they want it.
政府不能因为当它需要资金时-,中央银行的首领没有给予它贷款,而解雇他。
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What I want to do is talk about what the Fed in this country is doing and what other central banks are doing.
我想谈论一下,这个国家的联邦政府正在做什么,并且其它的中央银行正在做什么。
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There's been a trend to making central banks more independent and there are particular things that happened.
有一个,使中央银行更加独立自主的趋势,并且一些特殊的事情发生了。
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Many central banks in Europe they have dates that go back to the eighteenth or nineteenth century.
许多欧洲的中央银行,他们都能追溯到,十八世纪或十九世纪。
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Well, the Fed is like that now, but what Paulson and Nason wanted to do is make it more than a banker's bank.
联邦政府现在就像英国银行一样，但是鲍尔森和内森想做的,远远不止中央银行那么点。
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And the central and also there are the banks from the regional banks that have a roll.
而且中央银行和地区银行,都有发挥的空间。
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What Paulson wants to do is make that official that the Fed is no longer just a central bank; it's a market stability regulator.
鲍尔森想做的就是使各级政府,以及联邦政府不再单单是个中央银行;,而是市场稳定的监控者。
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In the 1960s and 70s central banks around the world were inflating the currency.
在六十年代和七十年代，世界各地的中央银行,都在使货币上涨。
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We're left with the central banking institutions that are now functioning without convertibility to gold.
我们现在与那些,现如今运行时没有金子转换功能,的中央银行机构打交道。
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I think we're still in a precarious situation but I think we do have central bankers who are working effectively given the tools that they have.
我认为我们仍处于一个不稳固的情形之中,但是我们也有那些,用手中的金融工具有效率地工作的,中央银行主。
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All of these banks are really in control of short-term interest rates and these interest rates are used to try to manage and stabilize the economy.
所有国家的中央银行都可以,控制短期利率,通过控制短期率达到,管理和稳定经济的作用
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That's because it replaced central banks of the member countries of the European Union.
这是因为它代替了,欧盟成员国家的中央银行。
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The Federal Reserve System that was created in 1913 was different in that it was independent or much more independent than central banks in other countries.
913年建立的,联邦储备金系统是不同的,因为它独立，或者说比,其他国家的中央银行独立得多。
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They want it to be a bank for the whole financial system.
他们想成为整个金融系统的中央银行。
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Let me just mention a couple of other central banks.
让我说说一些其它地方的中央银行。
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Instead of setting up a central bank in the United States as was done commonly in other countries the United States instead created twelve banks; they're the twelve Federal Reserve Banks.
与在很多国家设立中央银行,不同的是,在美国,建立了十二个银行；,它们是十二个联邦储备金银行。
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Some banks however are very new; the European Central Bank which issues the Euro currency was founded in 1998 so it's only ten years old.
然而，一些银行很年轻；,发行欧元的,欧洲中央银行,成立于1998年，所以它才有十年的历史。
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This is exactly the worst nightmare of a central banker.
这真的是一个中央银行主最坏的噩梦。
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I went to the Ministry of Finance and we went to the Norges Bank, which is their central bank, and I think the answer I got from them was, yes you're right.
我去了财政部,我们也去了挪威银行，那是挪威的中央银行，而我觉得他们给我的回复是，你是对的。
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In the United Kingdom, it's the Bank of England.
英国的中央银行叫英格兰银行
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And in Europe, it's the European Central Bank.
欧洲的叫欧洲中央银行
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Other countries had set up central banks following on the Bank of England but the U.S. didn't set up a central bank; it set up a system of twelve banks and they were regional.
其他国家依照英格兰银行,建立了自己的中央银行,但是美国没有设立自己的中央银行；,美国建立了十二个银行的系统,并且这些银行是区域性的。
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In response to the subprime crisis that we are now in, our central bank, the Federal Reserve, has been cutting interest rates aggressively to try to save the economy that appears to be declining.
为了积极应对,目前的次贷危机,我们的中央银行,也就是美联储,已经调低利率,来积极地拯救正在衰退的经济
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This is the thing that worries central bankers.
这就是一直使中央银行工作人员担忧的事情。
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