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This same thing happens here, there's a transduction, one kind of a signal gets converted to another kind of a signal.
这两种过程是相同的,都是一个信号转换的过程,一种信号转化为另一种信号
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This is a signal - this passing of phosphorous - is a signal that's used very frequently in intracellular communication.
这是一种信号,一种通过磷酸来传递的信号,这种信号在细胞内通讯时经常被用到
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Each one of those electrodes allows us to measure, we plot voltage verses time, ? this signal coming from the tip of that electrode. Ok?
我们通过每个这样的电极都可以设计一种测量方法，我们设计电压比时间，这一信号源于电极的一端，对吧？
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That was some, not too complicated, but hopefully understandable description of a whole area of biology called signal transduction.
这些并不复杂,却有希望描述清楚,生物学领域一大类现象,称为信号转导
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They often involve the generation of what are called 'second messenger' molecules which carry the signal further into the cell.
过程中通常会生成一种叫做,第二信使的分子,将信号更深入地传递至细胞内部
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That signal is carried here, for example, by the concentration of second messengers - the concentration of something else.
这里这个信号由,第二信使的浓度,即另一种物质的浓度来传递
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This is commonly used in the immune system as well, but it's a way of amplifying a signal.
免疫系统也常使用这种方法,但这主要是一种放大信号的方式
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An example of a drug that works like that is the anti-cancer drug Tamoxifen which binds to estrogen receptors and blocks estrogen signaling.
这种药物的一个例子就是他莫昔芬,这是一种抗癌药,能够与雌激素受体结合,阻断雌激素信号通路
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One kind of cellular communication occurs by similar mechanisms to what we were talking about.
细胞通讯中的一种,与我刚才讲过的信号转导的机制相似
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Now, how they carry signals is that these neurotransmitters act as ligands.
它们传递信号的原理如下,神经递质作为一种配体
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A reaction performed by one enzyme creates a product that stimulates another enzyme that creates a product, and stimulates another enzyme, and through this cascade of reactions you amplify and carry the signal forward.
一种酶催化生成的产物会活化另一种酶,而它催化的产物又能激活其他酶,催化反应生成另一种产物,通过这层层反应,信号被放大,并不断向前传递
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It turns out that cells receive signals or information from the rest of the body in a variety of ways, but there's one way in particular that's a very useful way for thinking about how cells receive most information.
研究证明,细胞内有很多,接收体内其他部位信号或者信息的方式,但有一种特定的方法十分有用,这种方法使细胞能最大程度地接受信息
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It gets produced in response to a signal so there's a binding of a ligand to a receptor, the enzyme that does this conversion is activated and more cycle AMP is released.
这类分子的产生是对信号做出的一种反应,当配体和受体结合时,催化这种转化过程的酶被激活,更多的cAMP释放出来
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