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Let's flip back a step beyond that to Mycenaean civilization for the purpose of noting the great contrast, the great change.
让我们跳回到迈锡尼时代,比较看看两者间巨大的差异,也就可以明白希腊的巨大进步了
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Everybody in the Mediterranean wanted it for the same reasons, and obviously these Mycenaean sites had access to what they needed.
地中海地区的人们都需要它,很显然这些迈锡尼部落能满足他们的需求
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Now, we're going to listen to a piece of music here from the tradition of classical India and I thought we might have a sitar player in here.
现在,我们要听一段,传统的印度古典音乐,我原以为我们能请来一位锡塔尔琴手
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Lavoisier characterized oxygen.
拉瓦锡给氧描述特征。
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So, that's what is meant by the term, Dark Ages, and that's what does follow the fall of the Mycenaean world.
那么,这就是这个术语的含义,黑暗时代,它紧随着,迈锡尼文明的陨落到来
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If you look at the world of Mycenae once again, we've already seen this, you have a despotism of some kind.
如果你重温一下迈锡尼,我们之前也讲过,你会从某种程度上想到专制
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Usually, the picture is that they are coming from the north or the northeast and pressing down into it.
他们通常来自于北方,或者东北,使用武力手段进入了迈锡尼
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You find Mycenaean elements, tools, other things, pottery particularly of a certain kind, all over the Mediterranean Sea.
你可以在一些发掘的工具及其他物品,特别是某种陶器上,发现迈锡尼文明的影子遍布地中海区域
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So, the citadel and the farmland surrounding it, make up fundamentally the unit which is the Mycenaean kingdom.
因此,以城堡和周围的农田为根基,组成了称为迈锡尼帝国的文明
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But of course, a lot was known about these Mycenaeans well before the syllabary was deciphered.
当然,大量关于迈锡尼的知识,在那些表音文字被破译前就知道了
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So having succeeded with that, he thought well, now that I've seen Troy, how about Mycenae?
随着这次成功,他又想到,我已经看到了特洛伊城,那迈锡尼城呢
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Now, that's not what queens do. I'm sure the Mycenaean queens didn't do that, but it's very, very interesting that that is what the Homeric queens do.
但王后不做这个 我肯定迈锡尼王后,不织布,但非常有趣的是,荷马史诗中的王后却在织布
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That appears for the first time after the fall of the Mycenaeans.
它第一次出现于在迈锡尼文明衰落之后
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This was a civilization that was not shut in on itself, but was in touch with the entire Mediterranean region.
迈锡尼文明不是一个封闭的文明,它与整个地中海地区都有着联系
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There's just no way to explain that except to say that catalog of ships goes back to the Mycenaean Period.
除非《船舶名录》来源于迈锡尼文明时期,否则这点就无法解释了
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And then, of course, there's lots of stuff that doesn't have anything to do with the Mycenaean period.
因此也有很多东西,和迈锡尼文明时期无关
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In the years of the Mycenaean period, roughly from 1600 to 1100 or so B.C., you are dealing with a largely unified culture.
在大约公元前一千六百年,至公元前一千一百年,迈锡尼文明时期,你将看到一个高度统一的文化
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Something less easy to say confidently, but probably clear, I think, is the whole legacy of Mycenaean culture is really lost, not fully though.
有些事想确切地说出来不容易,但可能已经比较明白了,我想,就是整个迈锡尼文明留下的遗产,确实遗失了,虽然并不是一点都没留下
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The fall of Pylos is generally thought to be around 1200 B.C.; Mycenae itself may be fifty years later, and other places later than that.
人们普遍认为皮洛斯的陨落,大约在公元前一千二百年,迈锡尼城本身也许在五十年以后,其他的地方更晚些
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He's taken to the beautiful city on the island of Scheria, Phaiacia, and is treated with great respect as you're supposed to in the Mycenaean world.
他被带到斯刻里亚岛上的一个美丽城市,腓埃基亚,他受到众人的礼遇,就好像在迈锡尼王国一样
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It is evident that these different Mycenaean towns, all throughout the Greek world, on both sides of the Aegean Sea, were in touch with each other.
很明显,这些位于爱琴海两岸的,希腊世界里的不同迈锡尼城市,都是互相联系的
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I think it's very important to notice that some of these places that were big in the Mycenaean world were entirely abandoned and not settled again by the Greeks.
我认为值得注意的是,这些地方中有些是,在迈锡尼文明中占据重要地位的城邦,就这样被彻底遗弃了,而且并没有被希腊人重建
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But if we look at the society that emerges, this Dark Age society that emerges from the ancient world of Mycenae, what you have is a rare human experience.
如果我们仔细观察这渐渐浮出水面的社会,这个从古代迈锡尼文明浮现出来的,黑暗时代的社会,你会得到一些相当宝贵的经验
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You have the destruction completely of the Mycenaean Bronze Age culture.
青铜时期的迈锡尼文化被完全摧毁
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Some of them only go so far as Athens, which had the good fortune somehow of not being destroyed, one of the few important Mycenaean places that is not destroyed.
有些人逃到了雅典,很幸运的是雅典并没有遭到破坏,它是极少数逃过一劫的迈锡尼重要城邦之一
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You've got great grain fields out there in Syracuse.
你在锡拉库萨有一大片粮田
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They established a colony somewhere in the 750's, and soon afterwards,there is a colony established on the east coast of Sicily at what we call Syracuse now, and a rash of others.
他们大约公元前七百五十年在那儿建立殖民地,紧接着,又在西西里岛的东部建立殖民地,那里我们现在叫做锡拉库扎,还有紧随其后大量其他的殖民地
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And that, I think, we have to understand as being because of his function in the situation, namely there is a multi-city invasion of Troy being carried on by these Mycenaean Greeks.
基于这个问题,我们先要明白,他的地位以及所起的作用,许多迈锡尼的希腊城邦联合起来,对特洛伊发起进攻的时候
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And if you look at the whole story that he tells, that really means quite soon after the fall of the Mycenaean world, probably maybe a century earlier than what Finley suggests.
如果你关注一下他所描述的内容,就会发现那是在迈锡尼世界瓦解之后,可能要比芬利的观点还要早一个世纪
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Now, not all Mycenaean sites are so far from the sea; some of them are closer, but what it's important to say is that none of them are right on the sea.
不是所有迈锡尼文明遗址都离海这样远,有些距海近些,但重点是,它们没有一个在海边
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